For which a person has created money. The history of money from antiquity to the present day. Financial Policy of Great Britain and France

The history of money is very interesting. The first money arose in ancient times, and reached this day, but already completely in another form. Because of the money, war, revolution, the change of governments and overthrow of the kings took place. Are they engine history? Or are their role limited to buying ability? To answer these questions, we learn the story of the emergence of money, the paths of their evolution and the history of distribution worldwide.

Ancient times

History of money Takes the beginning of the existence of ancient tribes. But the money of those times significantly differed from the money of modern. It was rather not money, but exchange means. So, for example, in cattle breeding tribes, the money was cattle, in Pomeranian settlements, there was a fish that was exchanged for so necessary for the tribe bread and meat. It is known that different peoples had their own items that served them as money:

In Mexico, cocoa beans were money;

In Canada, Alaska and Siberia, ancient ancestors used the skins of valuable animals as money;

Some tribes of South America and Oceania, the money were maritime shells or pearls;

The tribes of New Zealand instead of money used stones having a hole in the middle.

Some money served grain or salt. The use of goods allowed to exchange them with other tribes or use to be appointed in their farm. But they were extremely uncomfortable in use. Therefore, there was a need for another, more practical payment form.

Kauri. Photos from Shells-of-Aquarius.com

At the Afarov - the militant tribe inhabiting the desert Danakil in the northeast of Ethiopia - there is a legend that there is no time for their land extremely rich in gold. Asphara, swimming in luxury, sought and napered God. All their gold turned into salt, and the tribe instantly dismissed. It still lives the injignment, nomads with its skinny cattle in the scarce pastures of Danakil. But Afrai believe that sooner or later they will redeem their guilt and God will turn into gold again.

However, salt was not much worse than gold: she is needed and always in price, that is, liquid; It is stored arbitrarily for a long time, without losing essential properties; It is easily divided (changes). So for apartments for the whole millennium (up to the twentieth century) salt has become the main means of exchange. For example, Afar, spreading sheep, wants to buy milk from his neighbor, breeding cows. However, the sheep have not had time to increase wool, so barter is impossible. He changes milk on salt and, especially since, he is pleased that she, unlike milk, does not score and he can postpone her about the reserve.

Salt - the goods are not conditional, in contrast to the money, but consumed, so this is not a monetary system in the classical sense. But this is already not quite natural exchange, because merchants can take salt not only as a product, but also to preserve wealth (vegetables are rotated, the meat will turn out, and nothing will happen to salt), and for later use as a payment agent.

In gold, there are two important advantages over salt, and both stem from its rarity. First, it concludes the same value in a much smaller volume, that is, much more portable. Secondly, much lower risk that the new huge source of gold (field or import) will be discovered and its value will decrease sharply.

Food as currency

In the oldest agricultural societies of Mesopotamia for three millennia BC, the most important product was barley. The smallest "exchangeless unit" was shekel - 180 barley grains (usually about 11 grams). In the barley shekes, it was possible to express the value of any product or service.

Over time, Shekel became a universal weight measure, they began to measure, in particular, silver. In the laws of the Babylonian king Hammurapi (around the 18th century to our era) - the oldest preserved arch of written laws - fines were listed in silver shekels. The value of barley strongly depended on the crop, so silver was a much more stable "currency".

In feudal Japan, until the XIX century, the main, so to speak, the unit of wealth was koku. - Number of rice that can be contacted adult for a year (about 278 liters, or about 150 kilograms). If about some landowner said that he has 30 thousand coca, it did not mean that he had so much rice. It was the total value of all its assets - the crops, livestock, the labor force, reduced to the most understandable unit of measurement. The wealth of even those possessions were measured in Koku, where rice was not grown at all.

The nomads of the Eurasian Steppes, the role of a universal equivalent performed cattle: With its help, taxes and penalties were paid, the brides were redeemed, the bread, dead, high-quality weapons and other necessary goods were updated from the sedentary neighbors.

All of these "natural currencies" had a common problem: they were extremely volatile, that is, their value relative to other goods he was heavily fluctuated during the year and depended on a variety of natural factors (the crop could die from rain or drought, there could be a case among livestock). In this sense, minerals were much more reliable. Ideal were gold and silver: they are quite common and at the same time quite rare, they are not subject to corrosion, they are not oxidized, they are easy to learn. Copper is most often used for small transactions: it is also fairly chemically stable and distributed on all continents. From the use of metals as "natural currencies" on the weight (in the form of sand or bars) there was one step to the mint.

Slaves and richeas

But the most famous example of commodity money is, of course, Kauri seashells. They had two important advantages. First, they are almost impossible to fake. Secondly, a huge margin was provided by the simple movement of seashells from point A to the point in: Let's say, in the Niger Delta, the most important trading site of West Africa, they cost thousandth (!) Once more expensive than in Maldives, where they mined most of all.

Kauri were the most durable of "natural currencies": the first evidence of their use as a payment agent belong to the middle of the II millennium BC, and they were ousted from the turnover only by the beginning of the twentieth century. They were used as a means of payment throughout Africa, in India, in Indochier, on the Pacific Islands and among the North American Indians from the Pacific coast to the greatest lakes. And in China, one time was even forbidden by coins (to stop the fake of money), and Kauri were the main payment facility. Even the traditional Chinese hieroglyph denoting "money" arose from the stylized image of the shell.

From the XVI to XIX century, Kauri was a key element of the system of slave trade. Europeans bought them on the same Maldives for gold, for rice (who was taken from India) or for some other goods. In Portuguese, Spanish, the Dutch seashell ports were reduced by thousands of tons. Ships sent to the slaves markets in the Niger Delta or on Zanzibar often did not carry any cargo except Kauri. Slaves chased mainly from the internal regions of Africa (Uganda, Congo, Zaire), where Kauri were the most common "currency" and cost, of course, much more expensive than on the coast.

The growing plantations of cotton and sugar cane in the new light required more and more slaves. Accordingly, Europeans were more and more Kauri in Africa. The natural result of this was inflation. In the second half of the XIX century, so many seashells needed so many seashells in the inner fields of Africa, that profits from the resale of slaves to plantatives ceased to cover the cost of transporting Kauri. So began the sunset slave trade, and with her - and the "shell economy".

Years five hundred and back for a dozen beads from Kauri seashells on Zanzibar could buy a slave. Now on the same Zanzibar, the thread of such beats can be bought as a souvenir for dollar-and-a half.

Eternal values

Commodity Money As a simple and reliable payment facility arise almost inevitably in any society where there is no established banking system. The shittomatic example is the Soviet economy of the breakdown period, when the "normal" money was rapidly rapidly cheaper and there was nothing to buy on them, and the people in mutual settlers willingly used vodka, cigarettes, and such imperrupt values. In prison, where money is simply prohibited, their role is usually performed by cigarettes. Who read Jack London, must remember that the heroes of his stories about Alaska almost never pay dollars, preferring golden sand. The founder of the economic science of Adam Smith, Scot, on origin, wrote in the XVIII century that his peasants were often paid with nails in his homeland: "Ordinary" money is still not worth spending anything, and something else can always be hidden it is necessary.

Metal money

Gradually money becomes metal. And in the seventh century to our era, there are chased coins. They quickly apply around the world. It is easy to explain, because Coins are convenient to store, transport, crush and combine. They have a greater value with a small volume and weight.

In most countries, silver, copper or bronze appeared as a metal for coinage coins. And only in Egypt and Assyria, gold was used for another two millennium to our era. With increasing commodity and production relations, it became necessary to increase the cost of exchange equivalent. From that moment, gold and silver are becoming the main money.

Paper money

History of money Received a new round of development with the advent of paper money. They appeared in 910 in China. And in Russia, the first paper money was introduced under Catherine II in 1769.

With the advent of banks, it was they who became keepers of money and basic values. When passing money for storage, the person received a certificate from the bank. It indicated that the amount was located at the banker on storage and the presenter of this certificate was supposed to receive a certain amount of money from the bank. This made it possible to pay not to coins, but by these certificates. A little time passed, and the certificates themselves began to equate to real money. This is the history of the appearance of paper money. And the word "banknote" originates from the English words "Bank Note" and in translation means "banking".

And if earlier the economic essence of paper money was obligatory to issue a natural money, now the banknote themselves are the same money.

Australia - dollar

Bhutan - Ngultrum

Japan - Yen.

The emergence of state central banks

The first such bank appeared in Sweden in 1661. The main tasks of the State Central Bank was control over banking operations in the country and the responsibility for the state of the national currency, including its production.

Other countries did not immediately follow the example of Sweden. So, for example, the central bank in France was founded after 140 years, and in the Russian Empire, the State Bank appeared in 1860. And only in 1913, a federal backup system was founded in the United States. Before her appearance, dollar bills were produced by individual American banks, and differed from each other in design and size.

Beginning of globalization

In 1944, the Bretton Woods International Conference was held, at which an agreement was made to bind the dollar rate to the course of gold and continued it until 1971. It was the dollar that became an international currency, which founded international trade. The conference decided to establish a World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is from the Bretton Wood Conference that the modern process of globalization of the whole world originates.

Bank cards

In 1950, the first Diners Club credit card was released, to pay for a restaurant visits. And in 1952, the first bank credit card was released by the American bank FRANKLIN National Bank.

Nowadays, bank cards do not surprise anyone. History of money continues and gaining new revs. If you believe the statistics, the average American currently has about ten plastic cards of different purposes.

Computers in the service of financiers

1972 was marked by the involvement of computers in the financial sphere. So, in the US, a centralized electronic network is created to account for bank checks. And in 1973, the Society of World Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) was created. The creators of this system were 239 banks that represented 15 countries of the world. For the first time, teletype ceased to be used for interbank removals.

Since 1977, the personal computers appeared in retail, and this marked the computerization of different sectors of the economy and life, the creation of new money forms and the emergence of the Internet.

Why did people come up with money? This question has not been resting for many for a long time. Someone has long guessed about this invention, and someone still does not understand why we need these papers, and, especially where and how they can be in large quantities.
If you do not make a big guarantee in history, you can easily understand that the money is absolutely not needed primitive people. Everything they needed at that time, they took from the mother nature: lived in the caves, mined fire from the spark, they were harvested with trees, hunted, etc.

But, over time, people have become growing, they have no longer satisfied the position "that you will find something." Many began to prefer the choice. For example, Mammoth meat wanted to change to fish. And how could this be done if there is no reservoir or the sea nearby? The primitive tribes had to go where it was possible to change the meat on the fish, or one skin, to another. This arose mutually beneficial commodity exchange. But what was done when it was impossible to make such an exchange, more precisely, at one of the changing, was there no suitable product? Then primitive people came up with, so to speak, "Merilo". It was believed that the goods that are always needed, and without which it is impossible to do with it could be exchanged for any things, even those that are not currently needed. And further. How much and how much and what could be exchanged, and most importantly - how much? Invented the following: the most chassis and necessary goods were considered to be considered a unit. So the concept of equivalent appeared. And the product that was needed to everyone and always is, as a rule, food, clothing, weapons for hunting, after a while they called Liquid.

But that's not all. Primitive people after a while began to engage in exactly what they liked them more. For example, someone very well knew how to clean the skin, and someone was perfectly shot from Luke. But how could they make a mutually beneficial exchange, if none, nor the other were needed at that moment, nor the skin, nor weapons or mining? And there was no suitable "equivalent"? Then he invented to leave something interesting in a deposit until the desired exchange could be made. It could be an interesting stone, a metal nugget, a large sharpening bone, decoration, etc. As soon as the exchangers appeared the necessary goods, they exchanged, and one of them took a deposit, or left a deposit by adding goods. Such a deposit was considered a "universal" product, and, with time, such a concept appeared as liquidity.
Over time, it became clear that you can not always exchange one product to another or leave a deposit. Subsequently, with the development of civilization, people realized that it was possible to create and arrange among themselves that some things could be exchanged for any product.

So, in fact, people and invented money. And their equivalent, soon, was taken to be considered that it was very difficult that it was difficult to find or get, and to receive what had to spend enormous labor. Ideally, such metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, etc. came to this role, and with the development of such science as chemistry, it was noticed that they also react well with an aggressive medium. Since then, they began to call - noble. And the money was customary to be called the goods, which in a hidden form, implies all types of goods. And with such a tool you can do everything: make deals, buy goods and services, lead investment, holding and other activities.

Then paper money was invented, and in our modern century, various varieties of electronic payments appeared.

With the help of money, we can trade and exchange. We can with the help of money to exchange your work on any thing we need. Money is a measure of value, because with the help of money, we can compare the value of various things. The presence of money in humans is nothing more than a value of value and the basis for future payments.

In contact with

The flow of currency is limited to the city of Bristol, in honor of which the local pound is named, in the people they have already managed to paint as "Bristolik". This experiment is carried out to support small businesses.

The fact is that in connection with the prolonged crisis, the purchasing power of the population fell even in such a rich country as the United Kingdom. The Bristol Pound can be obtained by exchanging it in a bank at 1: 1 at the pound of sterling. When performing an inverse operation, a tax will be taken 3%.

How can the introduction of a local currency can revive the economy? Let's deal with together. What is money when and how did they appear?

Money appeared in China, in the days of the Shan dynasty, which ruled from 1600 to 1027 BC. On September 18, 2012, the People's Bank of China produced a gold coin in honor of the first Chinese state.

In the days of the Shan dynasty, the centralization of power began in China, the ruler was the king, he was the nominal owner of the entire state of the state. At the courtyard there were writings and archivors. The royal power relied on knowing the warriors and ministers of the cult. In the temples were held ritual worship services.

What was in China earlier than 3,600 years ago, no reliable written sources found.

It is assumed that various tribes existing at the expense of crafts and natural exchange lived in China. How could the tribes be united, how did the cash form of calculations appear? Scientists say that they simply had the need, they simply took and united, and their money was invented.Let's try to present the average of that time. He catches fish, collects berries, breeds cattle, makes items ...

Presented? Now imagine that he just exchanged it for some items that does not represent any value for him, because before that there was no money, in general! Natural exchange is clear, the man changed his fish, on vegetables, on clothes, shovel ... But why does he need some slices of bronze, that, carry these glands with me? This also appeared money with holes, for ease of wearing, and then these were cast coins, similar to the picture.

How to wear them and why such a fancy form, on the head of a cow or a ram look like? Surely in the emerging state, taxes were introduced, and how to keep the control unit, the king? And of course they were charged at first in kind. From whom the fish will take, with whom clothes, with whom cattle, and this is food and skins - you can use on clothes. Surely the reference of the tax was a cattle, well, not half the cow take it? It hurts this coin on the head of the cow looks like. By the way, such coins were in the course of the 3th century BC.

And how to make a person pay taxes, he will not pay voluntarily, why it suddenly did not pay any of the ancestors. Here I remember the time of restructuring and the beginning of the 90s of the last century. Remember, as a cooperator (artisan), a person comes offering and when he did not agree, the next day came hooligans and caused damage, the co-operator himself turned to the "security structure"?

And how to trace, the tax is paid or not, because the paper was invented in China after a half thousand years. Plates? So this is China, there were a lot there were there. Wagons to consider and control hard and control.

So came up with flats - coins. Coins are comfortable in wearing, they can also be exchanged. So one of the modern functions of money - a measure of value appeared.

The tax inspector (Mytar), issued one coin in exchange for a large horned animal, also occurred when exchanging 3 goats, 3 bags of fish, etc. Chitres, of course, were people, immediately such a loophole was laid with deception. And however, little has changed since then.

Over time, it became fashionable to show how much you paid taxes, it means a rich man. Began to exchange and collect these concerns. The function of modern money appeared - accumulation. If people understood that taking a coin or bill from anyone, they observe themselves to binding to the one who produced them. After all, it will be necessary to change them back, like this ride themselves into slavery, dependence on taxes.

The further this epic continued, the more money was introduced into circulation. The money mass has become much exceeding the amount of products produced. The goods will deteriorate, and the coins are practically no. So inflation appeared. Then the money began to be loan, at percent, thereby even more depreciating the goods. After all, I took one coin, and you need to return 2. This is such a Nonsensa.

I wonder, and who thought it all and for what purposes? But about this and many other things you can read in the unique books of Anastasia New. There is described not only how the world is arranged, but also how to bypass traps, slyly placed on every corner, and, of course, about those who put these traps for what. Download books completely free (spiritual knowledge is given only for free) can be in the appropriate section of our site. And you can read the fragment right here, see the excerpt below.

Read about it more in the books of Anastasia New

(Click on the quote to download the whole book for free:

And who came up with them, these candy? - shrugged Andrei, unfolding the next candy clinging to him.

The Chinese, "Ariman spoke carelessly.

Chinese? - The guy was surprised.

Yes. The Emperor of China Dynasty Tan in 650 released the first paper money. They were printed on high-quality paper, easily transported, and they could always be changed for copper money. Therefore, this kind of money quickly gained popularity. Then this fashion took over the Persians, the Japanese and so went to walk around the world.

And before that there were copper money? - asked Kostik.

Different: copper, silver, gold. In a word, metal, - answered Ariman.

And who invented coins? - suffered in the questions of our philosopher.

Again, the Chinese. The first coins appeared in the XII century to our era. They were lit. And then somewhere after five centuries in the ancient Greek colonies, chased coins appeared.

It is necessary, what Chinese are smart, and I did not suspect, Zhenya said with sarcasm and glanced at Veliara, who at that time, standing at a little behind Ariman, looked at the sitting guests with pride and arrogantly.

Everyone considers themselves smart, "Ariman shrugged. - Romans, for example, believed that the invention of coins is the merit of their gods, such as Saturn, Janus, or the king of Numa Pompilia. The Greeks assured that the coins were invented by their heroes of theses, the face, in the extreme case, the Argos Tsar Fidon, who lived in the VII century to our era.

Ariman, drinking tea, paused. And here, Sensei, still throwing insignificant phrases with Ariman, unexpectedly for us entered into a controversy.

Yes, but the main thing is not someone invented coins, but what they mean. According to the word of the coin, the linguists argue, translated from Latin Moneo, Monui, Monitum means "foresight", "Caution". And the verb, from which these words occurred, means "advise." And, by the way, since we touched linguistics, the word "capital" also happened from the Latin word "Caput" ...

I did not understand, "Zhenka was fixed, hearing a familiar word. - Is this in the sense of "Hitler Caput"?

And the guy showed his hand in the air cross. We laughed, and Sansei answered with a smile:

Well, it may be Hitler he brought the "Cuput". But if we talk about the translation of the word "capital", then Caput means "head".

A-ah, smart means, "the guy concluded.

By no means, "Sensei shook his head negatively. - There is a livestock population. - And glanced at the surprised reaction, the guys who stopped even chewing, explained: - just before the cattle was considered for the monetary unit. And his score was headed.

Having said this, Sensei pretty glanced at Ariman, and followed and we hurried to turn the head to him. As it seemed to me, on the face of Ariman, the barely noticeable confusion flashed on the face, but when he was awarded welfare, then immediately reproduced a charming smile and said fun:

Of course, it was certainly such a time when the money went on four legs. But it's good that these times have long passed. And then I would now imagine to consider my "capital" on the heads.

Yeah, there would be some losses from such capital, "Volodya noticed with the lagot. - Not only that there is constantly asking, it also spreads the smell specific.

What is true, then right! - said Ariman, and so, as if Volodya came to the point of his mental reasoning.

Ariman looked at Sensei, and they again looked around, as if both were invested in these words much more meaning than said out loud. Mixed, Ariman shook his head:

M-DAY, that only did not serve the person with money: from the cow skulls on Borneo to human skulls in the Solomon Islands, from Salt's bars in Africa to tiled tea in China and Burma. In ancient Mexico, the cocoa beans were calculated in general. But what is the most interesting, even in those days were their "fake", forgetting beans, "Ariman grinned. - What only people have tried as a calculated funds: tobacco, rice, corn, dried fish, skins, cattle, people.

Yes, - somehow Sensei said sadly. - Money changed, only the attitude towards money remained the same ...

In principle, nothing has changed, "Ariman agreed with him.

- Anastasia New "Sensei III"

On September 19, 2012, the local currency was introduced in the UK.
The flow of currency is limited to the city of Bristol, in honor of which the local pound is named, in the people they have already managed to paint as "Bristolik". This experiment is carried out to support small businesses.
The fact is that in connection with the prolonged crisis, the purchasing power of the population fell even in such a rich country as the United Kingdom. The Bristol Pound can be obtained by exchanging it in a bank at 1: 1 at the pound of sterling. When performing an inverse operation, a tax will be taken 3%.

How can the introduction of a local currency can revive the economy? Let's deal with together. What is money when and how did they appear?
Money appeared in China, in the days of the Shan dynasty, which ruled from 1600 to 1027 BC. On September 18, 2012, the People's Bank of China produced a gold coin in honor of the first Chinese state.

In the days of the Shan dynasty, the centralization of power began in China, the ruler was the king, he was the nominal owner of the entire state of the state.
At the courtyard there were writings and archivors. The royal power relied on knowing the warriors and ministers of the cult. In the temples were held ritual worship services.
What was in China earlier than 3,600 years ago, no reliable written sources found.
It is assumed that various tribes existing at the expense of crafts and natural exchange lived in China. How could the tribes be united, how did the cash form of calculations appear? Scientists say that they simply had the need, they simply took and united, and their money was invented. Let's try to present the average of that time. He catches fish, collects berries, breeds cattle, makes items ...
Presented? Now imagine that he just exchanged it for some items that does not represent any value for him, because before that there was no money, in general! Natural exchange is clear, the man changed his fish, on vegetables, on clothes, shovel ... But why does he need some slices of bronze, that, carry these glands with me? This also appeared money with holes, for ease of wearing, and then these were cast coins, similar to the picture.

How to wear them and why such a fancy form, on the head of a cow or a ram look like? Surely in the emerging state, taxes were introduced, and how to keep the control unit, the king? And of course they were charged at first in kind. From whom the fish will take, with whom clothes, with whom cattle, and this is food and skins - you can use on clothes. Surely the reference of the tax was a cattle, well, not half the cow take it? It hurts this coin on the head of the cow looks like. By the way, such coins were in the course of the 3th century BC.
And how to make a person pay taxes, he will not pay voluntarily, why it suddenly did not pay any of the ancestors. Here I remember the time of restructuring and the beginning of the 90s of the last century. Remember, as a cooperator (artisan), a person comes offering and when he did not agree, the next day came hooligans and caused damage, the co-operator himself turned to the "security structure"?
And how to trace, the tax is paid or not, because the paper was invented in China after a half thousand years. Plates? So this is China, there were a lot there were there. Wagons to consider and control hard and control.
So came up with flats - coins. Coins are comfortable in wearing, they can also be exchanged. So one of the modern functions of money - a measure of value appeared.
The tax inspector (Mytar), issued one coin in exchange for a large horned animal, also occurred when exchanging 3 goats, 3 bags of fish, etc. Chitres, of course, were people, immediately such a loophole was laid with deception. And however, little has changed since then.
Over time, it became fashionable to show how much you paid taxes, it means a rich man. Began to exchange and collect these concerns. The function of modern money appeared - accumulation. If people understood that taking a coin or bill from anyone, they observe themselves to binding to the one who produced them. After all, it will be necessary to change them back, like this ride themselves into slavery, dependence on taxes.
The further this epic continued, the more money was introduced into circulation. The money mass has become much exceeding the amount of products produced. The goods will deteriorate, and the coins are practically no. So inflation appeared. Then the money began to be loan, at percent, thereby even more depreciating the goods. After all, I took one coin, and you need to return 2. This is such a Nonsensa.
I wonder, and who thought it all and for what purposes? But about this and many other things you can read in the unique books of Anastasia New. There is described not only how the world is arranged, but also how to bypass traps, slyly placed on every corner, and, of course, about those who put these traps for what. Download books completely free (spiritual knowledge is given only for free) can be in the appropriate section of our site. And you can read the fragment right here, see the excerpt below.

Money - One of the greatest human inventions. The origin of money is associated with 7 - 8 thousand BC, when the primitive tribes appeared excess some products that could be exchanged for other necessary products. Historically, the means of facilitating the exchange was used - with variable success - cattle, cigars, sinks, stones, slices of metal. But to serve as money, the subject should get overall recognition and buyers, and sellers as a means of exchange. Money is determined by the Society itself; Everything that society recognizes as an appeal is money. Indeed, money is a product acting as a universal equivalent that reflects the cost of all other goods.

What are the main stages of the history of the money development?

First stage - the emergence of money with the performance of their functions by random goods; second phase - consolidation for the gold role of the universal equivalent (this stage was perhaps the longest); third stage - a step of transition to paper or credit money; And last fourth stage - gradual cash outlook from turnover, as a result of which electronic types of payments appeared.

Gold and silver as money

The most fully listed requirements were answered gold and silver, thus, in the process of the evolution of the commodity exchange, a special, absolutely liquid product is allocated, used as the universal equivalent of money. This product becomes gold and silver - the early form of metal money.

Gold and silver appear as money back in the XIII century BC. e. In the form of various ingots with a certain weight of the metal. As a result of the further development of market relations from metal, coins are started - monetary signs that have a full-fledged money established by law and weights established by law.

Coins from Natural Alloy Gold and Silver (Electrum) For the first time appear in the state of Lydia in the VII century BC. e. In Russia, the coin coin began to be made in the IX - X centuries. However, due to the lack of gold deposits in Kievan Russia, foreign - Arab and Byzantine coins made of gold and silver were mainly used. Later, from about the XI century, silver and copper ingots began to be used in the internal circulation. The most common was silver ingot weighing one pound (approximately 400 g), which had a name « » . But "hryvnia" had a rather high cost, so it was cut in half, into two equal parts, called the name « » , or "ruble hryvnia".

Commodity money

For an early form of metal money, a coincidence of the commodity value contained in the metal coins and their nominal value indicated on the front side of the coin is characterized. This lies one of the flaws consumer money. If their value as goods exceed their value as money, they will stop functioning as money. Indeed, if, for example, a ruble coin had a silver (or gold, or any other) content worth, say, two rubles, it would be very beneficial to overpay the coin and sell it as a ingot. Therefore, despite the illegality of such actions, the ruble coins would be to disappear from the appeal.

In this regard, approximately from the XV century, metal money starts to lose their product base. Metal money is beginning to share on full (the nominal value of which corresponds to the value of the metal contained in them) and defective (nominal value above the cost of metal contained). Currently, in any country in the world, metal money is not full.

History of paper money

Special attention deserves the origin of paper money. Where did they come from? To answer this question, it is necessary to turn to history again.

Shortly after gold began to be used, it became obvious that both buyers and merchants are inconvenient and unsafe to transport, weigh and check for clean gold every time when conclusted transactions. Therefore, the rule entered into practice give gold to storing gold mastshaving special storehouses and ready to provide them with a fee. Having received a gold contribution, Golden Affairs Master issued a depositor receipt.

Soon the goods began to exchange for these receipts, which turned into an early form of paper money, and the masters themselves themselves became prototypes of modern bankers. Since gold, the stored golden affairs masters in the storerooms rarely claimed, that is, it was not in circulation, it can be said that the receipts were full-fledged moneySince their number exactly corresponded to the number of gold on the storage of gold masters.

So it was as long as some kind of inventive gold deeds master, seeing that the amount of incoming gold exceeds the amount of removed, did not begin to produce a receipt of receipt, not secured by gold, giving under interest loans to merchants, manufacturers and consumers. So originated banking system of partial reserves. These receipts were no longer full-fledged money. It is believed that the English-General of Banks and Paper Money was the English golden affairs masters. In the future, the right to issue paper money passed from private hands to the state.

In our country, paper money appeared in 1766 by decree of Empress Catherine II. Currently, as well as metal money, paper money in any state does not have a commodity basis, that is, they are not exchanged for gold or other drag. Metals.