What metal do Russian coins make. What metals and alloys make coins. Coins from the media
Since the emergence of the first Russian coins, more than a thousand years have passed. Over the centuries, the type and size of coins changed significantly, but until the 20s of the twentieth century, metal from which they were manufactured almost did not change. Usually coins were made of silver. Previously, the money was called "Srebro", then-there is a "silver". Gold coins went into appeal only in the era of Peter I, and before that was almost not used. The purchasing power of the coin completely corresponded to the price of the metal, from which it was made, which excluded inflation and the fake of money. However, fake coins still met: they had a smaller weight or sample, although they almost did not differ visually from authentic.
From the 15th century, attempts to introduce copper coins were repeatedly made, since silver, due to the growth of the population, was not enough. In 1662, the famous "copper riot" took place - the uprising of the lower layers of society against the introduction of copper coins, which in weight and nominal value were equal to silver.
Silver
Silver was used to produce coins in Russia since the "Srebrenikov" (first Russian coins of the X-XI centuries). Since the XV century, he partially began to replace copper, and from the beginning of the XVIII century - gold. In the days of the Russian Empire from silver, coins were made by dignity from 1 kopeck (beginning of the 18th century) to the ruble. From the middle of the XIX century until 1916, silver were coins with a nominal 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 kopecks, as well as 1 ruble (used silver 900 samples). In 1921, the Government of the RSFSR was introduced into the circulation of silver coins. Dignity 10, 15, 20, 50 kopecks and 1 ruble (sample and weight corresponded to the tsarist times 1868-1917). In 1924, the last silver ruble was released, and in 1927 the last minute. Silver 10, 15 and 20 kopecks were produced until 1931.
From 1977 to the present, collectible coins made of silver with the quality of Proof and Uncirculated, the weight of which is equal to the Troy Oz. In 1995, the Bank of Russia issued an anniversary coin of the quality of Proof weighing 1 kilogram, and in 2003 - the first coin weighing 3 kilograms.
Since 1995, the Bank of Russia has been issued by investment silver coins by Uncirculated Quality, which are implemented by various banks at prices approximate to the market value of silver.
Gold
In Russia, gold was first applied to the production of coins in the X century. It is known about the existence of only a few "goldenings", which, together with "Srebreniki", are considered the first Russian coins. Further, during the course of several centuries, this metal was not applied, and only in the XV century, gold coins began to minimize very limited circulation. In the time of Peter I, the gold coin turned into a conventional payment remedy with silver and copper coins. From gold minted coins in dignity above 1 ruble.
From the middle of the XIX century, gold coins were produced in advantage of 5 and 10 rubles (900 sample gold was used), and during Nicholas II, the "Imperial" coin was added to them, the nominal value of which was 15 rubles. In 1923, the first (and only one) Soviet gold coin of regular check was released - 1 Chervonets, the size and weight of which was corresponding to 10 tsarist rubles. In the 1970s and in 1980 several millions of new-fashioned gold worms were produced, which still can be purchased in banks as investment coins.
From 1977 to the present, collectible coins made of gold with the quality of Proof and Uncirculated, the weight of which is equal to the Troy Oz. In 1996, the Bank of Russia was released the first anniversary quality coin of Proof weighing 1 kilogram, in 2003 the coin weighing 3 kilograms, and in 2010 - 5 kilograms.
Since 1995, the Bank of Russia has been producing investment gold coins by Uncirculated Quality, which are implemented by banks at prices approximate to the market value of silver.
Copper
Copper in the production of Russian coins was first applied in the XV century in Novgorod (scales were made from it - "Pulo"). In the second half of the XVII century, an attempt was made to introduce copper coins into circulation, which in weight and nominal value were equal to silver. In this regard, the famous "copper riot" was occurring 1662, after which the Copper coin chasing was stopped.
| Copper coin 5 kopecks 1911 |
Starting from 1700-1704, all coins of small dignity began to be minimized from the copper - from the half-headed (1/8 kopeck) to a penny, and from 1723 - Pigakas. From the middle of the XIX century, coins were made with a rating of 1/2, 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks. In 1924-1925, copper coins were produced in dignity 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks, which repeated the size of the coins of the Russian Empire 1868-1917, but had Soviet symbolism. From 1925 to 1928, a limited circulation was made by a coin with a rating of the Polkopayka. From 1997 to the first half of 2009, the Bank of Russia produced a five-channel copper coin, which had a coating from Melchior. Next, it began to be released from steel.
Kolyvan copper
| Siberian coin 2 kopecks of 1780 |
In 1763, the office of its imperial Majesty sent a request to the Office of the Colavo-Voznesensky factories on the possibility of consuming copper, obtained as a by-product when smelting from the ore of silver and gold, to the Copper coin chasing. The factory office reported that copper is enough (more than 500 tons, which should be enough for 4 years of chasing, and taking into account the copper produced for this period - for 5 years), but it remains some quantity of silver and gold ("... not small The number of silver and a noble gold particle ", according to the initial calculations of their share, were 0.79% in silver and 0.01% at gold on the PUD), and therefore it is copper coin from it on the usual foot (16 rubles from PUD)" .. . Note tokmo loss, but also regretted. " The president of the Mint Department is the actual statistical adviser I. Blater, the feet for the Kolyvan alloy were calculated, based on the existing coins for copper, silver and gold coins. Silver content corresponded to 7 rubles. 35.59 cop., Gold - 1 rub. 1.02 kopecks, copper - 15 rubles. 87 kopecks. Total opened 24 rubles. 24 cop. From Ponda, but in case the precious metals succeed a little more, the wallatter rounded the foot to 25 rubles.
From 1763 to 1781, coins of the following advantages were minted from Kolyvan copper on a 25-ruble stop (1/4 kopeck), Denga (1/2 penny), a penny, 2 kopecks, 5 kopecks and 10 kopecks. From ordinary coins, they differed in size, weighing, the inscription "Siberian coin" and the coat of arms of Siberia on the obverse.
Platinum
In the period from 1828 to 1845, coins from platinum of an unusual nominal value - 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued by limited edition. Thus, an attempt was made to reduce gold consumption. These coins were often confused with silver, so the platinum had to refuse. From 1977 to 1995, a commencement of anniversary and commemorative coins from platinum with the quality of Proof and Uncirculated, whose weight was equivalent to Troyan oz.
Palladium
From 1977 to 1995, the anniversary and commemorative coins from Palladium with the Quality of Proof and Uncirculated, the weight of which was equated to the Troy ounce was made.
Bronze
The first bronze coins appeared in the USSR in 1926, coming to replace more expensive copper coins. Until 1958, several types of bronze coins were minted with dignity from 1 to 5 kopecks. Next, they were replaced by coins made of copper-zinc alloy, which were more durable. In 1991, bronze was used to produce bimetallic ten, and in 1992 fifty- and strawl coins.
Copper-nickel alloy
In 1958, 50 kopecks were made from the copper-nickel alloy, 1, 2, 3 and 5 rubles. These coins were released very limited editions and did not go into appeal. From 1961 to 1991, coins of 10, 15, 20, 50 kopecks and 1 ruble were produced from this alloy.
In the years of restructuring from 1991 to 1993, the copper-nickel alloy was used in the production of coins with a par with a par from 50 kopecks up to 100 rubles (including bimetallic). From 1997 to the first half of 2009, this alloy was used for coins of coins worth 1 and 2 rubles. From 1965 to 2000, anniversary and commemorative coins of the quality of Proof, uncirculated and ordinary were minted from the copper-nickel alloy.
Copper-nickel alloy options:
melchior (copper + 5-30% nickel + not more than 0.8% iron + not more than 1% manganese);
nezilber (copper alloy with 5-35% nickel and 13-45% zinc);
mine-metal (nickel-based alloy, contains up to 30% copper).
Brass
Brass in monetary production was first applied in 1992, when it was used to cover steel ruble and five-lumped coins in order to protect against corrosion. In 1995, it was used to cover steel 50-ruble coins of the 1993 sample coins, which were previously bronze. In 1996, a series of brass coins devoted to the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet was performed. In 1997-2006, ten- and 50-penny coins were minted from brass. Currently, the Bank of Russia issues a steel coin with a denomination of 10 rubles with brass electroplating. Also from brass is made of a ring for a modern bimetallic ten-liter coin.
Copper-zinc alloy (brass variety)
It was used in 1961-1991 for the manufacture of coins with a nominal 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks. In addition, in 1991-1994, a circle for bimetallic anniversary coins of the "Red Book series" was minted from the copper-zinc alloy, and 50-ruble coins were manufactured from it.
Melchior
Melchior (variety of copper-nickel alloy) was used in 1992-1993 to cover steel coins with a denomination of 10 and 20 rubles. From 1997 to 2009, this alloy covered a copper five-book coin and steel coins worth 1 and 5 kopecks. In addition, an internal circle for modern bimetallic coins is made from Melchior.
Steel
The first coins made of steel appeared in the early 90s, when due to hyperinflation, it was necessary to abandon expensive alloys. From 1997 to 2009, steel coins were produced with a face value of 1 and 5 kopecks, since 2006, in order to reduce the production of coins from steel began to produce ten- and 50-penny coins. Since 2009, all Russian coins are made of steel with different coatings.
Nickel
In 1931, nickel ones came to the silver coin change of 10, 15 and 20 kopecks. This laid the beginning of the depreciation of coins, as now their real value has become significantly lower than the nominal. Since 2009, nickel is used to cover 1, 2 and 5-ruble steel coins of regular check.
Tompak Alloy
Since 2006, Tompak Alloy is used to cover ten- and 50-penny steel coins.
Daria Nikitin
Reading time: 4 minutes
A.
Recently it became known that the Central Bank is preparing for the replacement of old ten-member paper bills on new tenveland coinswho will come in appeal October 1, 2009. It also concerns old coins with a denomination of 10 rubles, which were produced in limited quantities - they will be replaced with new ones.
New ten-mela coins will gradually replace paper tens. According to experts, by the end of this year, paper dozens will still prevail in Russia, but in the following years, new ten-mete coins will be completely outstrong (as it was with a five-book bill).
Why are new ten-legged coins introduce?
Of course, the reason for this venture is saving money. It is planned for 10 years to save on the replacement of 18 billion rubles. The thing is that the paper dozen is very quickly wearing, which leads to the loss of its kind in a year. A rail 10-ruble coin will live 25 - 30 years.
Stock Foto New tenporel coins
New tenveland coins are made of steel using galvanic coating. Compared with old coins, the size and weight of new coins will decrease: the weight will be 5.6 g instead of the previous one 8.5 g Diameter will be 22 mm, thickness 2.2 mm.
According to the director of the Department of Cash Cash Circulation of the Central Bank Alexandra Yurova, a new ten-member coin in the wallet will be more convenient. He also said that the Central Bank there is a transition to new technologies for the release of coins, as a result of which the release of 2-charts, five- and ten-lean coins will be redundant.
Let's compare the old and new 10-ruble coin.
As can be seen in the photo below, the new Chervonets is noticeably smaller in the dimensions of the old one. Honestly, I like it more paper bills than "piece of wine" - it is more pleasant in his hands, and it is more convenient to pay in the store. However, with the introduction of a new coin into broad masses of the population it is possible that opinion will change. Wait and see.
More photos (click on the photo to enlarge)
 |
 |
 |
| In size for new ten rubles a little more ruble coins and a little less than 2 rubles | ||
 |
 |
 |
| If you look at the coin at a certain angle, then small labels will dry in a large zero RUB and 10 |
Silver Grivenik 1713 (Hermitage Exposition)
The first Russian coins appeared more than a thousand years ago, but almost the entire period of history the basis of the money supply was silver. In the Domongolian Rus instead of the word "money" having Tatar roots, the word "Srebro" was even used, which emphasizes the importance of silver in monetary circulation. During the period of feudal fragmentation, the first copper coins appear - the pools, but they had a very limited appeal. Golden coins arose with Ivan III, but for a long time they were awarded, and almost did not participate in circulation. And only under Petr I gold and copper are firmly included in the monetary system, while copper coins perform the role of exchangers, and the gold serve as a means of accumulation or for the implementation of large financial transactions.
The purchasing power of the coin slightly exceeded the cost of the metal, so the purpose of counterfeiters was not the manufacture of copies of coins, but the understatement of the sample, the reduction of the weight, cutting the metal from the present coin. In the 20s of the 20th century, various alloys come to replace the expensive metals, and coins turn into coins for monetary monetary signs. Gold and silver are now applied only in the manufacture of collectible and investment coins. They were also added palladium and platinum, but their share in the production of collectible coins is very insignificant.
Silver
The first silver coins of Srebreniki began to be minted at Prince Vladimir Great about in the 990s. The period of independent Russian chasonanka lasted for a long time, and already from the second half of the XI century, the "mamondent period" begins when silver bars were used as a payment agent. The release of coins is resumed into the Board of Dmitry Donskoy, from this time there were coins of only two denominations - Denga and a half, they were all silver. When Ivan Grozny, the first kopecks appear, which have become the basis of money circulation. In 1654-1655, the first coins of rubles were produced, which were also from silver, but the full conversion of the silver ruble had to wait for another half a century.
Petrovskaya monetary reform significantly transformed the appearance of coins, added many new denominations, but still the mains were silver coins with a penalty from a penny to the ruble (later from 5 kopecks to the ruble). Fully abandoning the use of precious metal in the monetary circulation was able to worn under Soviet power. The last silver coins are dated 1931 (10, 15 and 20 kopecks), the Milknikov disappeared in 1927, and rubles even earlier - in 1924.
Silver investment coin
In 1977, for the upcoming Olympiad, collective silver coins of improved quality of the chasing were issued, in subsequent years, the manufacture of silver memorable and anniversary coins was continued. Currently, several dozen species of collectible and investment coins are produced annually, you can buy them in banks at a special price. The weight of such coins varies from 15 grams to 5 kg.
Gold
Golden Chervonets Peter I (Hermitage Exposition)
The first Russian gold coins arose about the same when silver - at the end of the 15th century, but their release had a very insignificant volume, and in subsequent rulers stopped at all. When Ivan III, the chasing of gold complained coins begins, which were presented with outstanding architects, architects, as well as for various merits. These coins were not a full-fledged cash tool, although they fell from time to time. Starting from the era of Peter I, the gold coin occupies a special niche in the monetary circulation, 2-ruble coins and coins and Chervonians are made of gold without specifying the nominal. With Elizabeth, Petrovna appears 5 and 10 rubles. The gold coin remained a solid cash tool, an alternative to constantly depreciable bills. During the civil war among the population, they (especially Nikolaev 10 rubles) went at the high rate and were very in demand.
In 1923, a large circulation of Soviet gold worms, the size and weight of coinciding with the royal 10 rubles is produced. Their goal was to reinforce the paper chervonians who had gold collateral. The population did not receive such coins, and abroad did not take them due to the Soviet symbolism, so the release was not continued, and the main mass of the circulation went to the smelting. In 1975-1982, new-fashioned worms were issued with exactly the same images, but by other dates, they currently fulfill the role of investment coins.
Since 1977, golden gold coins in addition to collective silver coins. The greatest volume was reached in 2010-2013, after which went to the decline. Nevertheless, currently several types of gold coins are currently produced annually, which can be purchased in banks at special prices. The coma of this, the investment gold coins of UNC quality are produced, the cost of which is somewhat lower than collectible.
Copper
5 kopecks 1802 years (Ermitage Exposition)
Copper coins - Pools were manufactured in Novgorod and Tver in the XV century, they were small, had a wrong form, like silver time. It is still definitely unknown, in what ratio they equated to silver, there are different opinions: from 20/1 to 150/1. The local types of coins disappear with the merge of Russia, and with them and the pool. Copper money circulation is revived with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovic, when the coins of silver and copper are identical in size and weight tried to equalize each other. This caused a strong drop in the course of copper coins and the famous "copper riot", I had to refuse the idea. Since 1700, the first full-fledged copper coins of rounded shapes are produced, which, compared to silver "scales", treated in parallel with them, was significantly out of its time. The high quality of the release of copper coin made it possible to introduce copper into circulation to partially and replace them with deficient silver.
More than 200 years of copper coins performed the role of exchanged, the denominations were low: from a half-kopecks (sometimes a coin was made with a rating of 10 kopecks). In 1924, when the Soviet ruble finally succeeded, copper coins 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks came to appeal (from 1925 - the Polkopayika), but after two years they began to crowd out more durable and cheap bronze. In modern history of Russia, the copper coin was also produced - 5 rubles of the 1997 sample, which had a copper base and a plating from Melchior Alloy. Since 2009, coins from the steel basis have been supplied, but copper still can often be found in circulation.
Kolyvan copper
Siberian 10 kopecks (Hermitage Exposition)
When gold and silver is isolated from the copper ore of the Kolyvan field in Altai in the second half of the XVIII century, the resulting copper remained with a small admixture of precious metal. Visually to distinguish the Kolyvan copper from the usual was impossible, but the content of gold in it reached 0.01% and about 0.8% of silver. The estimated price of the metal was obtained 24.24 rubles per powder, at the cost of ordinary copper 6 rubles per poud. The President of the Mint Department I. Sllatter proposed to minted with special "Siberian" coins from this copper, which would be easier for one and a half times easier. For release, a Suzane Mint near the modern Barnaul is created. The chasonka lasted from 1763 to 1781, the nominal ratings from a half-kopeck were produced. The coins had completely different images and the coat of arms of Siberia. Already a few years after the start of the production, the technology of allocating metals was modernized, and the content of precious impurities was completely insignificant, but the weight of Siberian coins was not increased. The ending of production became a consequence of the rampant counterfeit, the attackers made coins from ordinary copper, which was four times cheaper, while receiving huge revenues.
Platinum
Platinum coin with a rating of 12 rubles (Ermitage Exposition)
At the end of the reign of Alexander I in the Urals, significant deposits of the unknown metal were found - platinum at that time. With the coming to power Nikolai I, the chasing of a platinum coin of special denominations is organized: 3, 6 and 12 rubles. The fact is that for savings in the manufacture of circles, the same equipment and presses were used as in the manufacture of silver blanks. The estimated cost of platinum was 12 times higher than silver, and its density is 2 times higher. Therefore, 12 rubles had a size of 1 ruble, 6 rubles 50 kopecks, and 3 rubles 25 kopecks. Coins massively produced in 1828-1845, but again the obstacle was the counter-sinks used as common silver as raw materials. Moreover, there were cases of fraud when ordinary silver coins were issued instead of platinum (they were easily confused in the dark). After graduation, all the plain and coins stored in the treasury, which managed to collect the population, were sold to England.
The revival of the chasing platinum coin occurred already in Soviet times, these were collective issues of improved quality, dedicated to various events. The release was discontinued in 1995.
Palladium
Palladium is very similar to platinum, but has a significantly lower density close to silver. Palladium coins were made only in 1977-1995, these were collective issues of improved quality Proof and Uncirculated.Copper nickel alloys
At the change of silver coins in 1931, 10, 15 and 20 kopecks from a new material - copper-nickel alloy arrive. As follows from the name, it is the basis of copper and nickel with the addition of a small share of other metals. Alloys are different, but they are all sufficiently resistant to environmental impact, have silver color. The copper content comes to 90%, but can be significantly less, the nickel content usually does not exceed 20%. From 1997 to 2009, coins with a par value of 1 and 2 rubles were manufactured from Nezilber, and 25 rubles from 2011 from Melchior. Melchiorova was also an insert for bimetallic 10 rubles until 2017.The most common types of copper-nickel alloy are:
melchior - 68-93% copper, 5-30% nickel, up to 0.8% iron, up to 1% manganese;
nezilber - 5-35% nickel, 13-45% zinc, the rest is copper;
mONEL - up to 67% of nickel, up to 38% copper.
Characteristics of Melchior:
Bronze
Bronze in the monetary circulation of Soviet times replaced more expensive copper. Another advantage of bronze is its higher resistance to the aggressive environment. The bronze includes most of the copper (up to 90%) and another metal (tin, aluminum, beryllium, silicon, lead). Depending on the maintenance of the metal, the bronze is called tin (or just bronze), aluminum, etc. Bronze has a reddish-golden color, more yellow than pure copper. Quickly pi contact with air, forming a protective film that impedes further oxidation. The first bronze coins came out in 1926, aluminum bronze was used. After 1957, the use of bronze in monetary production ceases, a copper-zinc alloy comes to replace it. Since the 1990s, rings or inserts for bimetallic coins have been manufactured from bronze.Brass
Brass differs from bronze less copper content and the presence of zinc as the second component of the alloy. It is much cheaper bronze and clean copper. In the manufacture of Russian coins, the brass was used mainly as coating steel blanks (1 and 5 rubles 1992, 50 rubles 1993-1995, 10 and 50 kopecks since 2006), but in 1997-2006 10- and 50-penny coins were made of clean brass. The coma of this, brass were some denominations in the sets of anniversary coins 1995-1996 and the ring for the bimetallic tens of 2000-2016.Copper-zinc alloy (brass variety)
This alloy differs from brass with other proportions of copper and zinc, designed specifically for the manufacture of coins, is therefore more resistant to different impacts. All coins of 1961-1991 were minted from him with a Soviet coat of arms with a par with a par with 1 to 5 kopecks. In addition, 50 rubles in 1993, a circle for the bimetallic coin of the Red Book series and the ring for 10 rubles 1991.Nickel
Trial 2-kopecks of 1883, found in 1887 in the St. Petersburg mint in the amount of 68 pieces. Later, a note was found by the chief of the Mint N.P. Follendorfa, where it is mentioned about the proposal of the Urals industrialist Permikina to minted the nickel coin from the metal mined on its mines. It was planned to use almost pure nickel, which had minor impurities allowed by the impossibility of their allocation.In 1911 and 1916, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe chasing of nickel coins was returned, but the case did not reach the trial issues.
Tompak Alloy
Since 2006, Tompak alloy was used to cover the ten- and 50-penny steel coins, whose chasing stopped in 2015. The alloy is considered better and expensive than bronze, made cutlery, dishes, interior items from it. However, as time has shown, on the coins he quickly darkens and loses a beautiful golden color.Steel
The cheapest material used in the production of coins. Since the beginning of the 90s, low denomination coins were minted from it (1 and 5 rubles), and since 1997 1 and 5 kopecks. In 2006, 10 and 50 kopecks began to be manufactured from steel with a coating instead of using expensive brass, and since 2009 1, 2 and 5 rubles. In the same year, a steel 10-ruble coin with brass coating was published, and since 2017, even bimetallic coins began to do on steel blanks coated from two colors. Despite the lowest possible metal, the chasing 1 and 5 kopecks became unprofitable, and since 2015 it was necessary to abandon 10 and 50 kopecks. Metal is very hard, which leads to rapid wear of stamps, and therefore modern coins have a large percentage of marriage in the form of non-stock or split stamp.
Coins as a means of means appeared long before paper money. It turns out that they were made not only of gold and silver.
During the board in England, King George IV, in 1825, a alloy called "Metal Barton" was used as a mint-metal. It was copper covered with a thick layer of gold.
From gold to cardboard
For the production of British perfects, the so-called corona gold was used - 22 carats of gold and 2 carats of ligatures - usually, copper or silver. In the modern Great Britain, the coin is worth 1 pound and 3 pence chopped from nickel brass - copper alloy, zinc (from 3 to 30%) and a small amount of nickel. Italian coins of 50 and 100 lire until they introduced the euro, made from stainless steel (iron alloy with chromium and nickel). In the Bohemia of the XVIII century and France XIX metal money was minted from tin alloy and lead or from copper alloy with antimony.
The very early coins, mined in Lydia and in the Frankish state, were made of ore containing 75% of gold and 25% silver.
But there was a time when, instead of metals for the manufacture of coins, their surrogates were used, and not always durable. For example, in 1574 in the Netherlands, in 1915 in Mexico during hyperinflation, after the First World War in Germany, Cardboard was used for this purpose. In Russia, postage stamps went as coins. In Japan, at the end of World War II, coins made of burnt clay were issued. Embossed skin pieces were used as a means of payment in the 16th century during wars in Europe. As they believed during the reign of the Ptolemyev dynasty in Egypt and in Thailand at the beginning of the 18th century, they were put into circulation of the coin from the porcelain.
Multicolored coins
In modern Russia for each nominal coin, its alloy of metals is used corresponding to their nominal value - from here and different color of coins. Each coin has its own definite weight.
White coins, a nominal value of 1 and 5 kopecks, made from bimetal - special steel alloy, plated Melchior. Plating gives a white coin. To be more accurate, the steel is the "core" of coins. Melchior allows you to make a coin more wear-resistant and durable.
Coins with a par value of 10 and 50 kopecks - yellow - made from brass. They do not have impurities of other metals.
Ruble coins with a par value of 1 and 2 rubles made from copper and nickel alloy. And nickel in this alloy more than copper, as copper is easily deformed, therefore, and coins with its large content would be less durable.
Fifvest coins are performed from bimetal. The basis of the coin is made of copper, and the surface is placed by Melchior.
Coins of dignity of 10 rubles to last year were also manufactured from Bimetal, but in several other technology. The basis is the plate of the coin - cast from Melchior, and the ring - from brass, so coins have a double color. Since 2010, new ten-mending coins have been introduced into the turnover, which are made of steel coated with copper by electroplating (copper "increases" to steel under the influence of electric current).
Most frequently used metals
Aluminum (AL)
Atomic number 13, a density of 2.70 kg / l, the melting point of 660 o C. first received in 1824. Resistant to white metal corrosion used for low-dignity coins.
Iron (FE)
Atomic number 26, density of 7.87 kg / l, Melting point 1537 o C. Iron coins were produced by many European countries during periods of wars in this century. In order to circumvent a corrosion problem in modern coins, various coatings were used - from copper to nickel and chromium. Moreover, many "iron" coins are now a steel "filling" (a small additive of carbon turns iron into steel).
Gold (AU)
Atomic number 79, density of 19.32 kg / l, Melting point 1063 O C. Perhaps the most perfect metal for coins, since it is a soft and chemically inert metal. Because of the softness, it is now almost always used in a copper alloy.
Magnesium (MG)
Atomic number 12, density of 1.74 kg / l, melting point 650 o C. First received in 1755. Silver-white soft metal, 40% lighter than aluminum. In its pure form for chasing, coins is not used, added to alloys.
Manganese (MN)
Atomic number 25, density 7.43 kg / l, Melting point 1245 o C. For the first time received in 1774. Gray metal, passing on polished steel. Not used as a pure metal in coins or medals, because it reacts with water, but is often used in alloys. During the Second World Warring, 5-center coins in the United States were made of alloy 56% Cu, 35% AG and 9% Mn.
Copper (CU)
Atomic number 29, density 8.96 kg / l, Melting point 1083 o C. Soft metal of reddish color, known since ancient times. It is rarely used pure in modern coins, mainly as coating for other metals.
Nickel (NI)
Atomic number 28, a density of 8.90 kg / l, the melting point of 1453 o C. It was first obtained in 1751. Usually used in copper alloy, although pure metal was used often, especially for Switzerland coins and Canada. Pure metal magnetic, and noticeably yellow than some of the silvery metal types of chromium and aluminum.
Tin (SN)
Atomic number 50, density 7.30 kg / l, melting point 232 o C. Silver-like in color and very soft. Most often used in alloy with copper. Metal has three allotropic forms: gray, white and rhombic tin.
Platinum (PT)
Atomic number 48, a density of 21.45 kg / l, melting point of 1769 o C. For the first time obtained in 1735. The most widely used in Tsarist Russia.
Silver (AG)
Atomic number 47, density 10.49 kg / l, Melting point 961 o C. Attractive white metal used for coins from ancient times.
Chrome (CR)
Atomic number 24, density 7.19 kg / l, Melting point 1875 o C. For the first time received in 1798. Hard white metal, unsuitable for coin chasing, but used for coins (plating) steel coins to increase wear-resistance.
Zinc (Zn)
Atomic number 30, density 7.13 kg / l, Melting point 420 o C. For the first time received in 1746. Easy, cheap metal. It is rarely used in its pure form (European coins I and II World Wars). Most used in alloy with copper.
Aluminum Bronze (AL-BR)
Copper-aluminum yellow alloys, sometimes containing a small amount of manganese or nickel. Hardwood.
Aurikhalk
Copper 80% and zinc 20%.
Barton "S Metal
Actually copper covered with a thick layer of gold. Used in 1825 during the reign of George IV.
Bath Metal
Type of cheap bronze, used in Ireland, America and on the island of Maine.
White metal
Antimonium in alloy with tin, copper or silver-white lead, used in the manufacture of medals.
Billon
The alloy of copper and silver (more than half - copper). Used during the Roman Empire, in France and Switzerland.
Bronze
The alloy of copper and tin (usually from 80% to 95% of copper). The most modern "copper" coins are actually bronze, as clean copper is too soft and quickly wear out. High tin content gives bronze silver color.
Viriemium
German silver alloy type containing nickel, copper and zinc.
Bell metal
The type of bronze commonly used in the manufacture of calls, but also used in France during the revolution times.
Coronal Gold
2 carats of ligatures and 22 karat of gold. Coronal gold is a standard used in British perfect. Ligature is usually copper, although silver was used.
Brass
The alloy of copper and zinc, although the term is freely used, including all copper alloys. Generally used alloys vary in the composition of zinc from 3% to 30%, and change in color from copper-red to bright yellow. Latvian with a small amount of nickel is known as nickel brass. Such alloys are used in modern UK for 1 pound coins. Roman name Brass - Aurihalk.
Copper-nickel
The self-evident alloy of copper and nickel is one of the most common alloys used in modern coins. Contains 16-25% nickel.
Nickel Latvian
Copper alloy containing zinc and small nickel. Used in the UK with a threshing of threepens and pounds. The composition used for the three-permissions of the bit was 79% Cu, 20% Zn and 1% Ni.
Nickel silver
Copper alloy containing nickel 18-22%, zinc 15-20% and sometimes manganese and other metals The alloy is sometimes known as German silver or argentan.
Stainless steel
Alloy iron, chromium and nickel. For coins 50 and 100 lir of Italy use this material.
Pinchbeck
Mainly copper with some kind of zinc, was used in the 18th century as cheap gold imitation.
Running metal
Alloy copper 88%, tin 10% and zinc 2% used to cast guns. It was usually not used for coins, although well-known cannon money was minted in 1689 by James II for use in Ireland. An old guns, bells, etc. were used.
Potin
Ancient alloy of copper, zinc and tin. Unlike Billon, it usually does not contain silver, although some alloys containing silver also called Potin. Used in Egypt and South India.
Pewer
Originally tin alloy with approximately 15% lead, and sometimes antimony and copper. Coins made from it in Bohemia (1757, 1 Crazer) and France (1831, 5 francs).
Speculum
Silver alloy tin and bronze used in Gaul and England during the invasion of Caesar.
Steel
The general name of iron-carbon alloys. It is strongly subject to corrosion, so requires coating from other metals when used for coins. Nickel and copper steel coins minted in Bolivia from 1965 to 1987 (hyperinflation times). Zinc covered steel coins in 2 francs in Belgium in 1944 and 1 in the USA in 1943.
Red brass
Copper alloy. Used in Canada for coins of 5 cents in 1942 and 1943 (88% copper and 12% zinc).
Electrical
This is a natural alloy of approximately 75% of gold with 25% silver and copper and other metals. Used for the earliest coins chased in Lydia, as well as in the Frankish state.
Nemetalla
Paper
In Russia, used postage stamps as coins. Cardboard was used in the Netherlands in 1574, in Mexico in 1915, and also in Germany during hyperinflation after the First World War.
Clay
From the burned clay, coins were issued in Japan at the end of World War II.
Leather
Embossed skin pieces were used as a means of payment in the 16th century in Europe during wars.
Plastic
These are mainly coin-like tokens.
Selenium (SE)
Atomic number 34, density 4.45 (red) or 4.79 (gray) kg / l, melting point 180 C (red) or 217 C (gray). First received in 1818. The medal is released to the anniversary of the opening of this element.
Glass
Perhaps used in ancient Egypt and Arabia.
Fiberglass
I used in China.
Carbon (C)
Atomic number 6, density 2.25 kg / l (graphite), melting point 3727 C. A small release of coins from it was in Germany during hyperinflation.
Porcelain
As they believed, used at Ptolemia in Egypt. Porcelain coins were used in Thailand at the beginning of the 18th century. In Germany, as monetary surrogates during hyperinflation.
When preparing the page, the materials of articles T. Clayton are used.