Who created chess and in which year. Who invented chess: folk art. Chess penetration east

Good day, dear friend!

The generally accepted opinion is that the origin of the Chess Indian. The specific authorship of the chess game has not yet been established. Who came up with chess? Historians believe that the invention of chess is the fruit of collective creativity of several peoples.

Motherland Chess

Regarding the origin of Chess there are several legends. The most loose such:

Approximately in the sixth century in India appeared a game called Chaturanga.

The board in the chaturant is as follows: four people play. Two against two. Each has its own "army" of a certain color. The task of the game is to destroy all the enemy figures.

Subsequently, as chaturants spread in the ancient East, the number of players decreased to two, and 16 figures each. That is, about the way we know chess today.

Interesting fact: In Chaturange, the moves were generated not by players, but as playing bones.

Historians converge that chess with the rules of the game, similar to modern, appeared in the 6th century. It is this time that the received manuscripts were dated, in which chess mentioned for the first time.

Spread the world

In about the 7th century, Chaturang became interested in Arabs, Chinese and other peoples of Southeast Asia. Accordingly, the game has undergone changes, including the name.

Shadrazza from Arabs, Persians - Stroke. In the East - Chinese Syanzi, through the sea - the Japanese version - Syogi. In Thailand - Makruk. These varieties still take the dominant position in the East.

At about 8 to 9 centuries, chess settled in Europe. Starting with Spain, where the Arabs "listed" the shtomage. Then France and by the end of the 9th century chess won the hearts of most nations of Europe, including Scandinavia.

In Russian land, chess, as historians say, first appeared straight from Persia about the ninth century. Then, as usual, the influence of Enlightened Europe and somewhere in the tenth, chess in Russia finally acquired European outlines.

Chess rules also undergo changing gradually.

Interesting fact: In Italy, in the eighteenth century, there was a rule: a pawn, when the transformation field is reached, can only become the figure that is currently missing on the board at the moment. Pawn on the last horizontal could stay pawn. The transformation occurred at the time of taking some kind of figure rival. The pawn became this painted figure.

Persecution

In 14-16 centuries, chess was practiced in a logical version, and in "gambling". The rules were similar to Chaturang rules. When the move was determined by the number that fell on the playing bones.

This kind of chess was perceived as a kind of game in the bone and were prohibited from the Church as a gambling.

Many government figures showed the rejection of "gambling" chess, equalizing chess to classes of idle pastime.

However, prohibitions are prohibitions, but chess applied in European culture more and more . By the way, including in the medium of the clergy. When excavations, chess were found and found almost in each estate of the 15th century.

Gradually, the prohibitions began to simply ignore. Moreover, in the court of court, diplomats, the skill is well played in chess recognized by the rule of good tone.

Development of theory

In the 16th and 17th century, Chess rules were gradually unified. It became possible to develop theoretical models of the game.

According to Filiga, a key role in the party is played by a mow. It is around the mossel chains that the whole game is being built.

In 1585, the first international tournament in Spain was held.

Kind of sport

Century from 17 begin to create chess clubs. The first professionals appeared.

Interesting fact: Italian Master Lorenzo Busnardo according to unconfirmed data, I will earned a whole condition in the 17th century, participating in tournaments.

In the 18th century, national championships were held, then international tournaments and matches.

Adolf Andersen was announced the first unofficial world champion, who won the tournament in London in 1851. Then the crown moved to the Semi Morphy, then returned to Andersen, after Morphy stopped playing.

Finally the first official world champion was Wilhelm Steinitz, who won the match I. Zuckers in 1886.

Another epoching event is setting time control. Initially there were simple hourgles. The inventor of real chessings is the Englishman T. Soilson

It is with the control of time that the sports component is largely connected, which over time forced the world community to recognize chess as a sport.

Ways of Development Chess

In the 20th century, chess actively developed. A Soviet chess school has been a significant contribution to this process. In the USSR, chess cultivated and supported by the state.

With the collapse of the country in chess there was some stagnation. Chess is difficult to compete on entertainment and profitability with such types like a football for example.

FIDE is attempting to make tournaments more spectacular and attractive to sponsors. So, to change the circular, there was a knockout system and some other changes associated mainly by saving the game.

The end of the 20th century was marked by another epochable event - computerization of chess. Today, the best computer programs play a stronger person.

The deep study of the theory and computerization led to increasing the popularity of non-traditional types of chess. For example, where the value of the debut theory is almost negligible.

Yet chess in our country are reborn. This is a pleasant fact. There is confidence that this is not a one-time splash, but a long-term trend.

Thank you for your interest in the article.

If you found it useful, do the following:

1. Share with friends by clicking on the social networks buttons.
2. Write a comment (at the bottom of the page)
3. Subscribe to blog updates (shape under the social network buttons) and get articles to your post.

Have a nice day!

According to the testimony of archaeological excavations - games associated with the movement of chips on the board, were known in 3-4 centuries. BC e. True age of the game known in the Western world as chesscovered mystery darkness.

Al-Biruni in the book "India" tells the legend that attributes the creation of a chess with some brahmin-mathematics about 1000 BC. When the governor asked him what his reward for this great game, mathematician said: "Let's put on the first square of the chessboard one seed, in the second - two - the third of four, and so on So give me the amount of grain that is obtained. If you fill all 64 cells. " The ruler was delighted, believing that we are talking about 2-3 bags, but if you calculate 2 in the 64th degree - it turns out that this number is more than all grain of the world.

For another legend, chess invented one eastern sage, whose name was Shishah, and he lived in Babylon. With him, sat on the throne of the young king of Amolny, who was very angry with the lower layers of society, especially the peasants. In the greatest despair, the peasants turned to Shishah, who enjoyed great respect for the royal court, and asked him to help. Mostly persuaded him to convince the king that the peasant is a person who benefits the state. In order for the king to convince this, Shishah invented chess and taught the king of a chess game. Thus, he proved him that the peasants, i.e. Pawns on the board are still the best guard of the king. The king understood this way the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe chess game and stopped oppressing the peasants, and his adviser generously awarded.

Based on another legend, chess invented the wife of King Ravan from Ceylon. When everything in his precipitated capital was all already fell by the Spirit and lost all the courage to fight, desperately, the King Ravan decided to give the enemy the city. But the king had a wife, Queen Ranalyan, a heroic woman, she invented a chess game to prove her husband that he should not surrender to the enemy until all the means of defense were exhausted until at least one pawn soldier will remain on the board while There is at least a weak hope of victory!

Scientific hypotheses same time push the creation of chess even further, to the 2-3 millennium BC, based on archaeological discoveries in Egypt, Iraq, and India. However, since there are no references to the literature about this game until the 570th year AD, many historians recognize this particular date, like a chess birthday. The first mention of the chess game was in the Persian poem of 600 AD, and in this poem the invention of chess is attributed to India.

Raja Krishna Playing Ancient Chess Chaturanga

The oldest form of Chess - the military game Chaturanga - appeared in the first century n. e. In India, Chaturang was called the construction of troops, which included combat chariots (Ratha), elephants (hasti), Connection (Ashva) and hiking warriors (Padati). The game symbolized the battle with the participation of four types of troops, which led the leader. They were located at the corners of a 64-kpeat square board (Astapada), 4 people participated in the game. The movement of figures was determined by throwing bones. Chaturanga existed in India until the beginning of the 20th century. And over time, called "Casturraj" is a game of four kings; At the same time, the figures began to be painted in 4 colors - black, red, yellow and green.

In the first centuries of our era, the game was so widespread in Persia, which was considered a shame when an intelligent person did not know how to play it. The game of chess left traces in the then language, in symbols and metaphors, as well as poetry of that time.

The conversion of the Chaturant was the game of the Schtrag (Country), which originated in Central Asia at the end of the 5th early b centle. Had two "camps" figures and a new figure depicting the Counselor of the King - Farzin; Played two opponents. The goal of the game is to put the mat to the king of the opponent. So the "case of the case" replaced the "Mind game".

Penetration of chess from India in ancient Iran (Persia), during the reign of Chosroya I Anushiravan (531-579), is described in the Persian book of 650-750 years. The same book in the smallest details describes chess terminology and names and actions of various chess figures. Since before this book, there are no written mentions about chess in literature up to 6th century AD, many historians recognize this period of this period of chess birthday.

Mention of playing chess is also available in the poems of Firdusi, the Persian poet, who lived in the 10th century AD. The poem describes gifts that are raised by the envoys of Indian Raji to the yard of the Persian Sheikh Chosroy I Anushiravan. Among these gifts, according to the poem, there was a game depicting the battle of two armies. After the Persian Empire was conquered by the Arabs Muslims, the chess game began to spread through the civilized world.

It is proved that in Byzantium in the VI and VII century, our era, the game in chess was very popular. The Byzantine Emperor Nicoor's emperor in a letter to Califa Garuna Al Rashid makes comparison between the Fish on the board and his predecessor on the throne, Empress Irina.

In 8-9 centuries. The shuttles spread from Central Asia to the East and 3Apad, where he became known under the Arabic name of the Sharant.

In the Schtartzh (9-15 centuries), terminology and alignment of the shapes of the shadra are preserved, but the appearance of the figures has changed. Because of the prohibition of Islam, images of living creatures, the Arabs used a miniature abstract figure in the form of small cylinders and cones, which simplifies their production and contributed to the spread of the game.

Strong players shatranj along with the Arabs - Al-Adli and others -. Were natives of Central Asia - Abu Naim al Khadim, al-Razi, al-Soupy, al-Ladzhladzh, Abu Fath, etc. Among the patrons of the game were known Caliphs. Harun-ar-Rashid, al-Amin, ap-Mamun and others. the game is developed slowly, as only a rook, the king and the horse went on to modern rules, the range of the actions of other figures was extremely limited. For example, the queen was moving only to one field diagonally.

Due to the abstract shapes game gradually ceased to be perceived by the people as a symbol of military battles and more associated with life's ups and downs, which is reflected in the epics and treatises on sacred game of chess (Omar Khayyam, Saadi, Nizami).

With the Arab period, the appearance of the so-called descriptive notation is connected and the appearance of a possible entry of the playd parties has become possible.

Directly on the West of Europe during the early Middle Ages, the Sharant Arabs were listed. Here, chess became known in the X-XI centuries, after the Arabs won Spain and Sicily. The game was a pronounced military character, so she was very well met in the Knight's medieval European countries.

From Spain, the game got to France, where, for example, Karl the Great was her a big fan.

Chess in medieval France

Also from Spain and Sicily chess gradually penetrated into Italy, England, the Scandinavian and other European countries, in spite of the most severe persecution of the Church, forbidding chess on a par with the game "in the bone" and other "demonic obsessions."

Chess were brought to Spain by Moors, and the first mention of chess in the Christian world is contained in the Catalan Testament 1010 AD. Although chess were known in Europe and in earlier times. According to some legends, the dear set of chess figures was raised as a gift Carloman (8-9 century) from the famous Muslim ruler Garuna Al-Rashid.

There is a poem describing that chess existed at the court of the legendary king Arthur. Chess came to Germany in the 10th and 10th centuries, the earliest mention in the literature was made by the monk Frum von Tegermsee, in 1030-1050. It contains that Svetoslav Shurin from Croatia defeated Venetian Dodge Peter II in the game for the right to manage Dalmatian cities. By 10-11 centuries, chess were known in Scandinavia and later at the end of the 11th century, they from Italy reached Bohemia.

"Two ladies playing chess",
Illustration of the "Book of Games" King Castle Alfonso X Wise, Grandson Friedrich Barbarossa

Despite fierce resistance originally Muslim and then Christian Church (equates chess gambling dice and consider them "demonic obsession" chess for some time have been banned in Europe because they are often used for gambling and claimed that they carry signs of paganism), nothing could stop the growing popularity of the game, which is confirmed by numerous literary testimonies. Chess popularity continues to grow and soon the whole world knows and plays this very popular game of the ancient world.

In 14-15 centuries. The traditions of Eastern Chess in Europe were lost, and in 15-16 centuries. The departure was obvious from them after a number of changes in the rules of the moves of the pawns, an elephant and the queen.

On the territory of Russia, in Bulgaria, the game became known at about 10-12 centners. Important archaeological finds in Novgorod testify that chess, which were mainly distributed by Arabs, were in Russia directly from the Middle East. Until our days, the names of chess figures in Russia indicate their Persian and Arab roots.

Until our time reached a unique find - a chess figure made by Novgorod masters in the XIV century. The figure was discovered near the Lord Chamber, the former Residence of the Novgorod Archbishop. The figure found is the king, it was made from a strong tree, most likely, from juniper (see exploy).

In the ancient Russian folk poems there are mention of chess as a popular game. At a later time, European chess fell to Russia from Italy, through Poland. There is an incorrect version, supposedly chess were brought to Russia during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Mongol-Tatars, in turn, learned about this game from Persians and Arabs.

Peter I, going to hiking, took with him not only chess, but also two regular partners. He was fond of chess and Catherine II. In 1796 Count A.S. Stroganov arranged for Catherine II and Swedish king Gustav IV, which celebrated in His country palace, a batch of living chess. Meadow, where the green and yellow turf laid out a "chessboard", servants, dressed in medieval clothes, pqzedvigalic in accordance with the moves of chess Parganas.

Chess among Russian intelligentsia were widely distributed. A. The library remained S.Pushkina published in 1824 a book by A. D.Petrova half a century former strongest chess player in Russian - "The chess game, given in a systematic order," with an inscription by the author; Pushkin was a subscriber of the first chess magazine "Palaes", which began to go out in Paris in 1836

Despite the fact that chess were a popular game, until the end of the XIX century, Russia lagged behind the development of chess from England, France, Germany. The first Russian chess club opened in St. Petersburg only in 1853, and the first Russian chess journal saw the light in 1859.

The situation has changed at the beginning of the 20th century, when the St. Petersburg chess assembly arose from a private circle was founded, whose activities were very fruitful to popularize chess.

The club was opened on January 17, 1904, and in April 1914, the All-Russian Chess Union was established in the meeting at the meeting in House 10 on Foundry Prospekt.

The club conducted professional and amateur tournaments, comrade meetings between the national teams of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the sessions of the simultaneous game, published special literature. In the walls of the meeting housed the richest chess library in the country.

Historical options Chess

It is historically found that chess, in their original version, were a game for four people with four sets of figures. This game wore the initial name of the shuttles (on Sanskrit, the tatcher means "four", and the Anga means "detachment"). Persian literature in times of Sassanid dynasty (242-651 AD century), was found a book written in Pahlavi (Middle Persian), which was called the "Textbook of Chess". In modern Persian, the same word shtomage is the designation of modern chess. Popular historical theory says that the shafts (chess), according to Indian mysticism, represents the Universe. Four sides displays four elements - land, air, fire and water; as well as four years of year and four human temperaments. It is also approved that the word of chess occurred by the Persian "king" (Shah) and the term chess comes from the Persian "king died." Below is the evolution of European names of chess pieces from their ancient names of titles, which to date are used in India, Iran, and many other parts of the world.

It should be noted that although the names of chess pieces differ slightly in different parts of the world, but their form and rules of movement are almost identical.

Arabs Muslim made probably the greatest impact on the game of chess than any other culture. The word "chess" originally comes from the Persian Shah (King) and Arabic word mat (died). The contribution of the early Muslims in the game includes: playing blind, said as early as 700 AD, the first tournaments and qualifying tournaments, chess problems, described in the first book about chess Al-Adli. Al-Adly books contain debuts, the first chess tasks of Manzuba, distinguishes are discussed in the Persian and Indian rules of the game. Unfortunately, this valuable book is currently lost. However, a valuable Arabic manuscript of the beginning of the 9th century is kept in the Yugoslav library, which contains Mansuba. This manuscript was discovered in 1958. Some of these mansubes (chess tasks) were based on the legend "Mat Dilarama". According to legend, dilamar was a chess player who played money and lost all his property. In the last party, he put on his wife on Kon, but he played rashly and practically lost this party. However, his wife noticed that he could put the mat to his opponent if he would donate both his roots. The wife whispered to him in his ear, and he won the party.

The following table holds some of the ancient names of the figures, and their meanings:

They played on a round board, but the figures and their movement were similar to the Arab chess of the same period of time.

After penetrating chess to Europe, many books devoted to this game appeared. Probably, one of the most important and valuable of these books was written in the Middle Ages by the Spanish king of Alfonso Wisem in 1283. A wonderful book contains 150 color miniatures based on source Persian drawings. This book also includes a collection of endgames borrowed from Arabic literature. Chess passed through the history of many cultures and experienced their influence. Modern official rules of the game of chess are perfectly preserved and are not much different from those used another 1430 years ago.

Chess is a real culture mirror. Changed countries, the device has changed - the rules changed.

For example, the figure of the queen, "Queen" appeared only in the Middle Ages, when a lady came to play an important role, and she began to bestow honors on knightly tournaments. In the game, the role of Advisor King - Vizier in the eastern version of Chess has passed. The current freedom of movement, independence, "emancipation" of the queen was unthinkable until the end of the XV century.

Vintage game options are generally less dynamic, as the ancient society. In traditional Chinese chess "Mr." is not allowed, he maneuverates on a very small space - as if in the walls of the Imperial Palace. Indian Chaturanga followed the strict division of figures on the caste - priests, rulers, peasants, servants.

But in Japan, the military aristocratic system from the XII century allowed a man of noble origin, ready to apply due diligence, to achieve a quick take-off. And chess pieces were given the opportunity to raise their status. Yes, and in European chess pawn, reversible to the opposite edge of the board, turns into any shape - even in the queen.

In a new time, chess wanted to bring closer to changing reality. In the times of Nazism in Germany, "the game of the kings" tried to turn into the "game of Furrer": several leaders entered the battle, one of them had to suffer defeat. The game did not fit. Like fries.

A more diplomatic option was offered the famous Austrian composer Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951). In those invented chess on the board, airplanes and submarines appeared on the board, but negotiations and alliances were allowed. Moreover, four "powers" immediately played out - one on each side of the board, as in the ancient Indian "quarters"

In 1909 enclosure, allegedly depicts the game in Chess Hitler and Lenin. It is even signed by both by both on the back.

motherland Chess

Alternative descriptions

. "Do not consider diamonds in stone caves" - a country from which the guest arrived.

Where is the state of Uttar Pradesh

Ancient state in Asia

Unfinished Dream Columbus

Motherland of Bengal Fire

The country where the tramp lives from a famous film

The country, which, according to Old Man, is Hottabach, is "on the very edge of the earth disk" and inhabited "gold-like ants with a dog"

Tea "with an elephant"

Where did it go for the three seas of Athanasius Nikitin?

What state has a domain "in"?

In which country appeared vegetarians?

Native country actress Vivien Lee

What country did the Arabic figures come from?

It is in this one, by no means a fictional country, according to Volki Kostlkov, lived ants with almost a dog

The largest number of movies per year is available in this country.

Tea country

In which country of the cow is the sacred animals?

Which Asian state is the capital Delhi?

What country was Columbus looking for?

In this country wanted to get a columbus, but missed

Country in Asia in which many elephants

Country where I dreamed of getting Columbus, but never managed

Country, Travel Target Ampassia Nikitina

Where did you first have a game in Bridge?

According to the old man Hottabach, this country is on the very edge of the globe

Country with its ocean

Motherland Kama Sutry

The country she was looking for Columbus

State in Asia

Motherland Razh.

Motherland yoga

Country where the cows are honored

Country where rupees in the go

Country, Berge's Motherland

Country full of yogis and fakirov

Country of Fakirov and Dervysh

Asian power

Country, Guru Guru

Rome is Italy, and Delhi?

Riga is Latvia, and Delhi?

South China neighbor

Next to China and Sri Lanka

Country of Elephants and Sari

Country country

Object of searches of Christopher Columbus

The country in which cows are sacred

Eastern neighbor Pakistan

Near Nepal and China

Country Indira and Rady Gandhi

Between China and Sri Lanka

Country where burenok

Country Sari and Kama Sutra

In which country is cow sacred?

Country tea and elephants

Country ladies tagged on the forehead

Country in the south of Asia

Western neighbor Bangladesh

Which country before 1896 heard the only diamond supplier in the world?

Territory surrounding Delhi

Country of God's cows

Address that was wrong Columbus

Country with city Delhi at the chapter

Country of Yogov

Her capital - Delhi

Country full of hot ladies

Lilac grade

Country of women dressed in sari

Territory around Delhi

Country where ladies go to sari

Near Pakistan

The second population state in the south of Asia

State in Asia

The erroneous name of the American continent given to him Columbus in the 15th century.

For those who have a desire to spend their free time with the benefit of mind and mood, there is such a sport as chess. This is a special kind of sport that does not require physical activity. But instead of this activity, chess requires a mental player. In chess, for many centuries, they play both at the professional level and players in amateur clubs. Let's try to get acquainted with history Chess and with the principles of the game.

What is chess?

As mentioned above, chess are a special sport. This is a board game where 2 players are involved. The game passes on a special chessboard with black and white markup and 64 cells of the same size. The cell line is horizontally digitized - from 1 to 8, vertically letters - from a to h. The next important component of the games is a set of chess pieces. They are white and black, each player gets one of them. The set of chess pieces includes:

pawns - 8 pieces;

elephants - 2 pcs;

horses - 2 pcs;

food - 2 pcs;

kings - 2pcs;

fERSI - 2 pcs.

In the history of chess provides a special section dedicated to the emergence of figures, and their main name.

According to the established rules, the game starts the one who has a white set of figures. Further, all moves are carried out in the order of queue. The essence of the game is that one player must hit his opponent, putting him mate. Mat - When the opponent has no opportunity to walk, and his figure of the king is under the rival shah. The game can be discontinued with full defeat of the enemy and if there is a draw. All moves have a certain time limit. If the limit on the game is exceeded, but there is no winner - a technical gain or draw is credited.

Where and when did Chess appear for the first time?

The history of Chess began approximately 1.5 thousand years ago. According to some scientists, the game originated in India in the V-VI century AD It is believed that the progenitor of Chess was the Indian Chaturanga game. The exact nuances and the rules of this game are now known to anyone, but there are some information that fully confirm their relationship with modern chess: a black and white board with marking and squares, as well as 16 figures similar to those familiar with the pawns. The players were 4, not 2.

According to historians, at the same time, the Indian Chaturanga was borrowed by the Arab peoples. If we speak modern language - Arabs modified significantly the game. The first transformation touched the name - it turned into a shuttles from the chaturage. Already later, when the game came to Tajiks and Persians, they called her "Chess", which translates as "the Lord is defeated." This dates back to 580-600 G.N.

In 800-900, when the Arabs lightningly won European cities, chess penetrated here. In Europe, this game occupied the honorable place and became part of the cultural life of those people. Only in the XV - XVI century, the basic rules of the game, familiar to the modern person, were firmly established.

Modern chess

With the development of technologies, the changes touched and such an ancient game, like chess. The rules remained all the same, but now computers have a tremendous impact on the game. Now they have become quite popular matches and tournaments under the slogan "Man against Machines". It would seem that the computer will not leave a person no chance for a victory, but it is not. IN modern history Chess There are many examples of world tournaments when the great grandmasters won artificial intelligence.

A real chessboard with figures today have acquired the role of souvenirs and gifts, rather than playing belonging, and it is certainly sad, but chess of the kind, to which our consciousness is used to lose their former popularity. Now lovers and beginners prefer to harm with a computer engine, and not with a real opponent. But you can also meet on the scope of the network. There are advantages: in the process of playing with the machine, you can increase your qualifications for the shortest possible time.

One of the most ancient and exciting games are chess. She is known in any corner of the globe, so there are dozens of its variations in the world. This is not just a game, because chess has long been a sport and art. Chess marking is used in almost all spheres of life, and the game algorithm is used for scientific purposes. But where is her homeland and who came up with it? There is still no unambiguous and plausible opinion. Scientists argue, putting forward their versions.

The controversial version

Some editions with confidence declare that chess appeared in India somewhere in the VI century. e. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was possible to read in the book Harold Murray "Story Chess". Yes, I invented the game exactly there and at that time, but invented it much earlier. Scientists seriously took up the study of this topic and found many of the most different versions, which sometimes surprise the facts.

If you consider India as the ancestor of Chess, it is worth remembering the famous legend of Raj and Brahmin. After numerous hiking, victories and defeats, the lords are tired and labored. Raja ordered his advisers and sages to come up with fun to him, for which she took 3 days and nights. No one could satisfy him and interest him, except for a modest peasant, who brought the board with cells and wooden figures. When Raja learned the conditions of the game, his joy was not borders.

It was the fact that so long they tried to find. In return, the peasant demanded a modest award - several wheat bins. But set the condition: the amount should increase with each cell of the board (1 cell - 1 grains, 2 cells - 2, 3 cells - 2 2, 4 cells - 2 3, ..., 64 cells - 2 64). Raja first ridiculed the stupid brain, but only then he understood his mistake. On the entire planet there is no such grain, because after calculations, the final amount is equal to - 1.8 * 10 19. This board was a combat field of modern chess, which is translated from the Persian - "Death of the King".

There is another option - Korean legend. Once 4500 years ago, the prototype of modern chess was the game that the Terrible Tsar Mesopotamia was invented by Ravan for his beloved wife Mandodari. He had to be missing for a long time because of numerous campaigns, so his spouse often saddled. Chess are so interested in all residents of the palace, that they spread around the world (India, China, Korea).

Curious, but this is a real documentary confirmation. At the beginning of the 20th century, the background Bork proved the presence of a prototype of the game. According to his information, it appeared in 1250 BC. e. in Industan. Representatives of the local tribe played in it, borrowed ancient fun in Elame (the current South-West Iran).

Now it is impossible to accurately establish this, because at the time under the word chess people could combine different games: bones, backgammon, chaupara or packed. All these options have one common - a square or cruciform board. We can only guess what of them were first.

Ancient games on boards

So, at that time there were 2 options for boards: with a square or cross. Dimensions are also different. In Asia, such:

• 5 to 5;
• 7 to 7;
• 9 to 9.

The rules of the game are somewhat different from the established modern, because then it was possible to play not only together, but in four. In some embodiments, the game began with the middle of the field, in other moves it was necessary from the edge (from the fortress). The movement could be spiral or in the form of a special labyrinth. The set consisted of a field (matter on which squares are drawn) and 4 shells (seeds or chopsticks). But the poor and simple passers-by were satisfied by the piece of land, on which the lord drew squares.

Astapada is an ancient game on a single-color chalkboard with 64 cells. She is associated with spider, which had 8 legs, because in the translation of the Astapada - 8 squares. The first mention of it appeared in the V century. e. In the northern part of India. The ancestor of modern chess has retained only a distinguished, but the rules and movements were lost. Until now, no scientist was able to solve this secret and provide the most believable version of the game.

If you compare the Indian prototype of the game with Chinese, you can see a significant simplicity of the first option. It has fewer figures, they are voluminous, and not flat as the Chinese or Koreans, and also have a smaller spectrum of moves. If the Chinese borrowed chess from Indians, they had to work great to complicate the rules of the game, modify the figures.

But there are several important inconsistencies: official relations between these countries are fixed only in 150 BC. er, and during archaeological excavations in India, nothing was found, while in China constantly find different prototypes of this fun. There is another incompression - the rules of the game or manuscripts about chess on Sanskrit does not exist, and there are many of them on Chinese.

Famous Chaturanga

This is the closest option that is similar to modern chess. It began to play everything in the same northern part of India, but somewhere in the VI century. Until this day, accurate rules of the game did not reach, although scientists presented several of their own options to the world. Main similarity:

1. the board in the form of a square and size of 8 per 8 cells;
2. figures appearance are similar to chess;
3. total 32 figures (one half of the main, second - pawns);
4. the king and horse go equally.

The difference between these games in the number of players: in the chaturant of them there were 4, and each had 4 figures (king, elephant, rook and horse). You need to play 2 at 2. To go began a man who thrust the playing bones. But the queen at the Chaturant was not at all.

I would like to consider this game with a chess prototype, but here there are a number of inconsistencies. The name of the "Chaturanga" name indicates at the same time at least 2 completely different games. According to Sanskrit, it is a quadrilateral game, and in the Vedic texts the word described 4 different types of troops. But there was a game Chaturanga for two. What an old version does not know anyone.

The problem is that several centuries ago many researchers missed the meaning of this word or simply did not want to drink until the very essence. Such confusion occurred due to the impossibility of confirming the accuracy of some sources, and also it is impossible to accurately determine the date of writing them. After the release of their work, the British and the French began to refer to these facts unclear to the end.

Thus appeared the hypothesis of the American anthropologist Stuart Culin on the evolution of chess games. He believed that historically the game developed for this principle:

• racing for two (game in a circle or labyrinte);
• racing for 4 players;
• chess for 4 players;
• chess for two.

Only in 1913, this version was completely destroyed by the Anglican Harold Murrey in his work "Story Chess". He proved that in Bhavishya Purana, which previous opponents considered the most ancient and true, chess mentioned, but he is not as ancient. In addition to this source, there is not a single one who would confirm or mentioned a chess game.

Therefore, the first reliable work, in which the Chaturanga, and ChantAndja can be considered the Treatise of 1030 "India or a book, containing an explanation of the exercises belonging to Indians acceptable by reason or rejected". She is the author al-Biruni, Khorezm scientist. He personally visited North India and noticed that 4 people play chess there at the same time, for which they have 2 sets of figures. From there it became known the name Queen - Shah. The concept of the mat did not exist, because the main task of the player was the complete destruction of the figures of his opponent.

Indians did not bake their future generation, so for a long time did not record the rules of the game, which now significantly complicates the work of researchers. But still, it is safe to say that in 1130 there is the first mention of the classic chess game in the encyclopedia "Manamollas". This entry was made by King Someshwar III, which was ruled at the time in India (Center and South of the country). Chess is already double-sided, the figures are placed on the rules familiar to modern person, and they go almost also. The only thing, there is no accurate location on the Queen board and the king.

Further movement of the game world

Supporting the theory about the appearance of chess in India, it is safe to say that Chaturanga came to Iran and Central Asia from this country. But they called it there - Country. This is a documentary confirmation in the ancient-perceid chronicle "Chartransg Namak", which is dated 750-850. BC e. In the middle of the VII century, Iran won the Arabs, who again renamed the chactop in the shuttles. It is under this name that the game has penetrated into Europe.

It was the Arabs that converted Chaturangu. Main changes:

• 2 players;
• 2 sets of figures;
• bone failure;
• prior to the progress;
• 1 King turned into Queen and went diagonally;
• victory is not the destruction of all the figures, but the setting of Mata (Pat).

Further movement of the game in the world gradually changed its name. The historical change of the name of the chess happened like this:

• arabs - Shtranja;
• persians - Stroke;
• buryats - Shatters;
• mongols - Hiashtar;
• tajiks - Chess.

Chess penetration east

In China, this time has its own chess system, which is significantly different from international. Such a game is called - Syanzi. Instead of figurines, wooden discs are used there, but it is unrealistic to play in them without knowledge of hieroglyphs. Even after the translation of the pictures, the experts noted the inconsistency of the rules, because the magic of the game is lost, which attracts all the lovers of intellectual tasks.

The game came to Korea, about which there is a documentary confirmation dated by the XVI century. The rules of the game are similar to modern, but there is similarity with Chinese Syanzi, but there are few historical recordings. Board 9 for 10 cells, and in the center there is a palace, but only verticals are drawn. Figures are not bulky, but flat with hieroglyphs. Chang has its own peculiarity, which distinguishes it from other options for chess games - 16 ways to decompose figures at the beginning of the match.

Main changes:

• you can now go for a shorter distance;
• lack of casting;
• figures are located in points;
• separate figures are endowed with a limited spectrum of movement;
• lack of take part of the passage;
• horse and elephant are not jumping through the fields engaged in figures;
• added figure - gun.

Now Changa in the opinion of experts is a transitional stage from Chinese Syanzi to. It still remains not clear how the figures could become volumetric, and the boards acquire cells. This mystery has not yet solved no one.

Thai and Cambodian version

These varieties are almost identical, but still there are external differences between them. Thai type - Makruk, in Cambodia the game is called oak-chactov (it is ancient). The first documentary records about this game can be found in the XVII century, when the game described the Ambassador of France La Luber.

The board in the game Makru is familiar - 8 to 8, one-color. There are no characteristic Indian intersections of aspads. There are already 2 players, not 4. The main difference between the game is the use of seashells instead of the shapes, although the shapes are here, but they are similar.

Syogi occurred from Syanzi's game and, perhaps, they have related ties with Makroch, since there are similar features. This game is somewhat simpler than previous and more reminiscent of modern chess:

• 21 cell board 9;
• location of figures on the fields;
• the transformation of the horizontal achievement;
• the prisoners of the enemy can be put in any place the board as their figure;
• single-color figures;
• the initial placement and moves resemble Macruk.

Collecting together all 3 games: McGee, Xianzi and Sögi, you can restore the options for ancient chess. They appeared thanks to the exchange between countries, since at that time Japan, the Malay Islands and India were connected by the seabed.

Malaysia and Burma

Another version of the ancient game in Burma or Malaysia could become a source of modern chess. In the first it is called Sittuyin (war 4), and in the second - Main Chator. In Burma, it is customary to play with red and black figures, which externally resemble the pre-Islamic warriors.

So, the main features of the Burmese chess:

1. The board of one color with cells 8 to 8, but with two diagonals of SIT-KE-MIIN or the general line.
2. The location of the pawns by 3-4 horizontals.
3. The first arrange the red figures, and only after that black.
4. All other figures have any place behind the pawns, except the rook (cost only on the first two horizontals).
5. Black rook can not stand opposite the Red Queen.
6. Red figures go after the black shapes are placed.

The goal of the game is to put the mat, but the path was not allowed, there is no straight shaha there.

Malaysian chess mostly carry the names of the figures taken from Sanskrit, except for the name of the pawn (gone from the Arab Baydak). They had one interesting feature, because local kings tribes played right on the field near their homes with huge stone blocks. Duration sometimes reached a whole year.

Characteristics of the game:

1. Board without two colors, 8 per 8 cells.
2. Some have diagonal markups.
3. Figures are located in cells.
4. Figures or abstract bamboo, or curved threads on Indian tradition.
5. Mirror initial layout of figures.
6. A special rule of turning the pawns in the figure.
7. There is a rule of taking a pawn on the aisle, which was not at any previous game.

Chess in Russia

The game came to us in 820. It was the version of the Arab chancend called Chess. For prowring them, they became familiar to all the word - chess. It turns out that the movement path begins in Persia, after which they penetrated the Caucasus and Khazar kaganat, and from there already to us. If you consider the names of the figures, you can see the stripping similarity with Arabic and Persian names. So, the name of the elephant and the horse is Arabic, and the queen comes from the Persian word Farzin.

But international European terminology and the variation of the game was brought from Poland, in which Chess penetrated through Italy. Therefore, the start of chess on Russia dates back to the X-XI century. In parallel, Iga leaked to Europe, where he acquired a view of modern chess. But still many years in each town and village were their features, rules and techniques.

Church against the game

Previously, the church played a huge role in the life of every person, so they often dictated the rules for holding and even games. So, the priests condemned drunkenness, rampant and gambling. At that time, chess did not have strict rules, so it was hard to prove that they were a logical game. But there were still playing bones in it, which depended on the course of the tournament.

Therefore, in 1061, they were prohibited among the clergy, and the chess themselves were considered something obscene and devilish. But if you look at the most avid chess players, you can see a lot of Catholics. In Russia, the ban was strict, because disobedience threatened by the excavation from the church of any caught chess player. This was recorded in the Novgorod feed book in 1280.

But despite such strict prohibitions, the game continued to leak into different layers of the population. Among the clergy, there was also a lot of apostates who were heavily played. And only after a hundred years of chess were allowed. In Europe, this happened in 1392.

Special view of "crazy" chess

So you can only talk about the Swedish variety of the game, which is literally translated - "crazy house." Externally, it looks like that if you do not know his rules thoroughly. The pace of such chess is fast, and during the randomy players have full right to talk among themselves.

To play Swedish you need to take 2 boards. You need to play in pairs, and 1 person will be painted with white figures, and the second is black. There is one feature: if the figure was taken, it is transmitted to the partner's board, which can calmly put it on any cell when he wants. The partners are allowed to prompt each other, ask to transfer a certain figure.

This game is interesting to its rapid pace and the presence of a partner who can always help. As a result, the players of Swedet have more developed logical thinking, because they think the scheme and for themselves, and for their partner, they have excellent combination vision. But the computer beat is much easier than in classic chess.

Long path Chess

A full-fed the theory of playing chess began to develop only in the XV-XVI century, when the rules were established and all countries played more or less equally. At that time, 3 main part of the party were allocated:

• debut (separate part - Gambit);
• mittelspil;
• endgame.

This is described in detail in the textbook of Chess Rui Lopez in 1561. Until the XVIII century, Italian masters considered a massive attack on the king by all means and the use of pawns as an auxiliary material the best style of this logical game. But Fildor has significantly changed this thought. He pointed to the recklessness of such attacks, because it is possible to gradually build a strong position without loss, using exchanges and simplifications.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe game should be reduced to the right pawns, as they are excellent protection and ways to conduct an attack. Fildine came up with a special female chain, which moved on a certain tactic. He even had a special honest center. These developments became the basis for the next century.

Chess as sport

A little later, people began to unite into chess clubs, where they played money. Chess popularity has increased so much that in 1575 the first international chess tournament was held. He was held at the courtyard of King Philip II in Madrid. True, only 4 people (2 Italians and the Spaniard) took part in the game.

After this significant event, national tournaments carried out in almost all European countries, and in 1836 the world saw the first magazine about chess - "Polimed". His publisher was a Frenchman Louis Charles Labundon. In 1821, international matches and tournaments began constantly. At the same time, the world found out the name of the strongest chess player - Adolf Andersen. Later he was ahead of American, after which Andersen returned the title again.

In modern form, the tournament was carried out much later. In the 19th century, chess clock appeared, which invented Englishman Thomas Bright Wilson. This gave impetus to the development of new shortened parties called - "Fast" (30 minutes) and "Blitturnir" with a duration of 5-10 minutes.

This game was so liked by people around the world, which a lot of artistic works were written about her. Chess board inspired the motive not for one picture.