Extracurricular activities "map - the second language of geography". Geographical map language What is called the second language of geography

Geography is one of the oldest sciences that arose to help people. In the modern interpretation, it is the application of geographical knowledge and skills that is used:

• to preserve the environment and conduct socially responsible activities in it
• to adapt to living conditions in a certain area
• for self-assessment of the level of environmental safety as a sphere of life

Education played a huge role already in the very initial stage of human development. But it took thousands of years for a continuously developing society to give rise to such a modern form of education as a lesson.

Jan Amos Comenius clearly formulated the basic principles of education in the "great didactics" almost 400 years ago (based on the principle of sensationalism - a sense of perception, cognition, as opposed to rationalism)

As you know, the lesson is a form of implementation of pedagogical influences, where there is direct and systematic communication between the teacher and students, aimed at activating the cognitive abilities of students.

“A lesson is a “cell” of the pedagogical process. In it, like the sun in a drop of water, all its sides are reflected. If not all, then a significant part of pedagogy is concentrated on the lesson ”(M.N. Skatkin)

Even if the teacher knows what he can rely on from this student and what he needs to develop, then this will still not be the answer to the question - with the help of what methods of educational work can this be done?

“What is required for the successful completion of a given task is developed by this task” - this principle is universal and conceptual for developmental learning.

There are no isolated corners in the modern world. International economic and cultural ties are expanding. Air transport has brought the continents astonishingly close together. But even an astronaut needs about an hour and a half to fly around the Earth. Meanwhile, man has long possessed a wonderful tool that opens the eyes of our entire planet or gives a detailed picture of its individual parts, their nature, population, economy and culture. This tool is a geographic map. Therefore, it is completely logical that among the goals of studying geography in a modern school at a basic level is this:

• mastering the ability to navigate the terrain;

Use one of the "languages" of international communication - a geographical map and modern geoinformation technologies and Internet resources for the correct assessment of the most important socio-economic issues of international life, the geopolitical and geo-economic situation in Russia, other countries and regions of the world, the trends of their possible development.

And among general educational skills, skills and ways of activity at the basic level, the ability to work with maps of various subjects stands out.

Teaching of geography at the profile level is also planned in the senior school. Particular attention in the process of profile study of geography should be paid to the methods of geographical research and, first of all, cartographic.

From all of the above, it is obvious that work with a map in the modern school occupies a special place for a professional geographer, this is obvious.

But how to convince a modern student that a map is a source of information and an object of research?

A modern student should be with a card for "you". To help, I offer an effective course, designed for 8 hours.

so ,

Map is the second language of geography.

Lesson #1 "A Brief Outline of the History of Cartography"

• the origin and development of cartography
• current state of cartography
• development prospects

Lesson #2 "Cartography and geographical maps"

• definition of cartography

(cartography is the science of geographical maps, as a special way of displaying reality, which includes in its tasks a comprehensive study of geographical maps, as well as the development of methods and processes for their creation and use.)

The definition adopted by the International Cartographic Association: "cartography is the totality of research and work - scientific, artistic and technical (starting with the processing of the received sources) carried out in the design and creation of maps and other forms of representation, as well as in their use."

• basic properties of a map (it has long been considered a geographical map as a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.

However, three features define the specifics of cartographic images:

• mathematical definite construction
• use of cartographic symbols
• selection and generalization of the depicted phenomena

• the meaning of cards in science and practice
• map elements

Lesson #3 "The Mathematical Basis of Maps"

• concept of map projections
• projection classification
• distortion in map projections
• grids
• scale

Lesson number 4 Cartographic signs and methods of cartographic representation. Inscriptions on maps.

• cartographic signs
• cartographic imaging methods
• cartograms, cartograms, relief models, block diagrams
• inscriptions

Lesson number 5 "Cartographic Generalization"

Lesson #6 “Classification, types and types of geographical maps. Atlases.

• map classification
• card types
• atlases

Lesson number 7 “Review of the main maps and atlases. Map Analysis»

• general geographical, topographic, thematic and complex maps and atlases
• nautical charts
• analysis and evaluation of maps. Analysis Methods

Lesson #8 "The use of maps as a means of research

• analysis methods
• use of maps for forecasting purposes

The newly emerging needs of society give rise to the need to create a methodology for working with a map, taking into account the problems put forward by real life. And the successful, progressive development of these problems creates the necessary conditions for solving the problem of forming the basic competencies of a modern pupil.

The development of cartography Over the millennia, maps have changed their appearance: rock paintings have been replaced by handwritten paper, then printed engravings, and now, electronic video images. Over the millennia, maps have changed their appearance: rock paintings have been replaced by handwritten paper, then printed engravings, and now, electronic video images. But the essence of cartography remains the same - it remains a means of knowing and explaining the world. But the essence of cartography remains the same - it remains a means of knowing and explaining the world.

The map is the main tool for the geographer. With her help, he prepares his research, on her he applies his results, which will serve him for further progress. The map is an amazing tool for studying the globe, which alone can give a person the gift of providence. Y. Shokalsky

Baransky N. N. on the role of maps in geography: "The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the initial and final moment of geographical research." "The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the beginning and end of geographical exploration." "The map is one of the criteria of geography." "The map is one of the criteria of geography." "The map is an incentive to fill empty spaces." "The map is an incentive to fill empty spaces." Map is the second language of geography. Map is the second language of geography.

The term "chart" comes from the Greek word "chartes", which meant a sheet of papyrus for writing. The term "chart" comes from the Greek word "chartes", which meant a sheet of papyrus for writing. A map is a reduced, generalized image of the Earth's surface built in a cartographic projection, showing the objects located on it in a certain system of conventional signs (objects mean any objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality). A map is a reduced, generalized image of the Earth's surface built in a cartographic projection, showing the objects located on it in a certain system of conventional signs (objects mean any objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality).

Cartographic works Works, the main part of which is a cartographic image (i.e. cartographic works are globes, maps, atlases, relief maps, etc.); Works, the main part of which is a cartographic image (i.e., cartographic works are globes, maps, atlases, relief maps, etc.);

Types of maps Geographic map map of the Earth's surface (more fully, a geographical map can be defined as built in a cartographic projection, a reduced generalized image of the Earth's surface and its parts, showing the location, condition and relationships of natural and public objects and phenomena in a certain system of conventional signs) general geographic geographical map a map showing the totality of the main elements of the terrain; Geographical map is a map of the Earth's surface (more fully, a geographical map can be defined as built in a cartographic projection, a reduced generalized image of the Earth's surface and its parts, showing the location, condition and relationships of natural and social objects and phenomena in a certain system of conventional signs) general geographical map geographical map, displaying the totality of the main elements of the terrain; Topographic map - a detailed map of the area, which allows you to determine both the planned and vertical position of points. Topographic map - a detailed map of the area, which allows you to determine both the planned and vertical position of points. topographic plan a cartographic image on a plane in an orthogonal projection on a large scale of a limited area of ​​​​area, within which the curvature of the surface is not taken into account. topographic plan a cartographic image on a plane in an orthogonal projection on a large scale of a limited area of ​​​​area, within which the curvature of the surface is not taken into account. Thematic map A map whose main content is determined by the specific topic being displayed; Thematic map A map whose main content is determined by the specific topic being displayed;

An atlas is a cartographic work consisting of many maps united by a common idea. For the first time, the name "atlas" in relation to the collection of maps was proposed by the outstanding Dutch cartographer Mercator (1595) in honor of Atlas, the mythical king of Libya. a cartographic work consisting of many maps united by a common idea. For the first time, the name "atlas" in relation to the collection of maps was proposed by the outstanding Dutch cartographer Mercator (1595) in honor of Atlas, the mythical king of Libya.

Interesting The oldest map that has survived to this day dates back to 2250 BC. e. It was a clay tablet, which depicts the river. Euphrates, northern Mesopotamia. The relief map of the American state "California", made in 1924, had dimensions of 13.7 m by 5.5 m and had a weight of 39 tons. The first Russian map is the "Old Drawing", compiled in 1497 by Italians living in Moscow.

The geographical map, one of the most remarkable creations of the human mind, appeared already at the dawn of civilization. The oldest surviving cartographic images, Babylonian and Egyptian, date back to very early times - the third and second millennia BC. The first real geographical maps were created by the ancient Greeks. It is in ancient Greece that the origins of cartography and geography, as well as many other sciences, lie. The Greeks were among the first to propose the sphericity of the Earth, calculated its dimensions, invented the first cartographic projections, introduced meridians and parallels. Since then, cartography, which developed in close connection with geography, has come a long and difficult path, turning into a comprehensively developed branch of knowledge.

Modern maps display a wide variety of natural and social phenomena: relief and vegetation, population density and administrative divisions, industry and transport. There are maps (soil, climatic, political, etc.) that reflect a single phenomenon, and there are maps that depict several phenomena (for example, complex economic maps that characterize industry, agriculture, and communication routes). It is well known how widely maps are used. No work related to the study of the territory can be carried out without a map. The map is essential for sailing. Without a map, it is impossible to design the construction of factories and roads, to properly plan agricultural land. Maps teach geography and history. The map is used by tourists, climbers and people who simply want to get acquainted with the area they are about to visit. With a pattern of icons and interweaving of lines, a palette of colors and fonts for inscriptions, the map tells about an unfamiliar territory, and behind the conventional signs there is a living geographical reality - rivers, mountains, cities, factories. For a person who knows how to “read” a map, loves it and has imagination, there is genuine poetry hidden in it, captivating magic. Moreover, the best cards are not only scientific works, but, one might say, works of art, distinguished by the beauty and elegance of design.

The development of geography is unthinkable without a geographical map. It allows you to describe geographical phenomena in the most visual and concise form. In fact, no literary description can replace a map, because it does not have its accuracy and clarity, does not give a visual representation of the shape, size and relative position of objects, does not allow one to evaluate spatial relationships. How many words would be needed to describe a sufficiently large territory without missing anything important! The map gives an idea of ​​the whole area at once. We must also remember that a textual description is much more subjective than a cartographic image. And sometimes the language is almost unable to convey all those whimsical curves of contours, bizarre directions of lines that the map conveys so easily and expressively.

The map is the instrument of labor of the cartographer, the most important instrument of geographical research. By means of a map, the geographer establishes spatial relationships between phenomena and deduces their geographical patterns. Almost every geographical study, whether it is the determination of the height of the snow cover or the study of cargo transportation, begins with a map and ends with a map, that is, it is carried out using maps on which the received data are “superimposed”, and ends with the creation of new maps with new, enriched content. After comprehending the results of the conducted research, “conclusion maps”, “inference maps” are created. Such, for example, are maps of climatic or economic regions.

Only by carefully analyzing the map, one can correctly understand and comprehensively comprehend the geographical position of a country or region, city or plant - the position in relation to mountain ranges, seas, mineral deposits, communication routes, large industrial centers, etc.

Just as a chemist, speaking about a substance, first of all recalls its chemical formula, a geographer, speaking about this or that territory, about this or that object, first of all recalls their cartographic image.

Of course, a map cannot and should not completely replace geographical description. But without it, there is no geography.

After all, a map is a special, “second language” of geography, a language that geography cannot do without.

• Textbook p.18-19
• Atlas p.8-13
• Notebook-simulator p.5 (No. 12)
• Practical work: formation of a method for describing the geographical location of an object according to a given plan
• Electronic supplement to the textbook

slide 2

Basic terms and concepts

• Methods for studying the Earth
• Cartographic research method
• Cartography

slide 3

Planned result

• Students should: know/understand the definition of cartography as a science, the importance of cartographic research methods;
• Be able to read various types of geographical maps;
• Make a description of the development of the main methods of studying the Earth;
• Determine the geographic location of an object

slide 4

Main content

• History of the development of methods for studying the Earth. Examples of methods of description, observation, statistical, modeling, etc.
• Cartographic research method, its uniqueness. Examples of cartographic sources of various historical periods.
• The value of geographical maps in human life, examples.
• The science of cartography.
• Creation of modern cartographic images

slide 5

Goal and tasks

Purpose: to form an idea of ​​the cartographic method as a special method of geographical science.

• To form an idea about the development of methods for studying the Earth, about the science of cartography;
• To form an idea about the significance of geographical maps in human life, how to create them;
• Start developing the ability to describe the geographical location of an object

slide 6

You will learn:

1. What methods of studying the Earth exist

2. How geographers use maps

3. How maps are made

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Methods for studying the Earth

People have learned to describe and remember the surrounding area. This is preserved in rock art, myths and legends.

There were 2 ancient methods: observation and description.

1. They showed hunting grounds, trails, dangerous places.

2. Later they learned to show distances and areas using maps.

cartographic method

As new territories are explored...

Slide 10

Fragment of a rock drawing

slide 11

• collection method.
• Collections of stones, herbariums, stuffed animals were brought.
• field method
• Collection of material on the ground
• cameral method.
• Processing of collected material
• New computer technologies, programs, devices for collecting and searching for information have appeared. A new method has emerged.

SIMULATION METHOD

slide 12

Remember:

• What is a map?
• How did you use the cards in previous lessons?
• What types of cards do you know?

slide 13

Types of images of the earth's surface

• A globe is a three-dimensional model of the planet, reduced many times over.
• A map is a generalized reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.
• A plan is a drawing on which a small area of ​​the earth's surface is depicted in a reduced form with conventional signs. The conventional signs of the plan differ from the conventional symbols of the map.

Slide 14

Types of cards

• By content
• By area coverage
• Scale
• General geographic (physical) - show the relief, rivers, lakes, seas
• Thematic - devoted to certain topics: the distribution of the population, the position of countries
• The content, coverage of the territory and scale of the map is determined by its purpose
• Purpose of cards
• Educational
• Scientific reference
• Tourist

slide 16

The science of maps as a special way of reflecting reality, their creation and use is called cartography.

"The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the starting and ending moment of any geographical research"

N.N. Baransky geographer of the twentieth century.