§ 19. Political map of Europe and the world in the XVIII century new features in the foreign policy of the European countriesVII in. For Europe was rich in stormy events: the English revolution, the thirty-year war, military rivalry of England and Holland, France and Spain ... to a certain extent

Today we will talk about the ancient Russian cards. The post will be brief. Just because they are in general, in fact, simply not. Foreign cards of this period I have seen thousands, if not tens of thousands. Strange the situation with our cards.
The first Russian atlas, which is in public domain, is the Atlas of Kirilov, created in the interval between 1724 and 1737. (Link to download) .ATLAS not complete, unfortunately, there are cards not all areas and locations of our country. But this is essentially the beginning of Russian cartography, oddly enough it sounds.
There is a truth so-called the inherited book of Siberia (1699-1701), Remezov. (Link to download) as well as the "Khorographic book of Siberia" (1697-1711). Here are only their dates and the correspondence of reality personally cause me a lot of questions. For example, I bring the card to Perm a Great from the drawing book. All pictures are clicames to large sizes.

These cards draw children in grade 1. North here on the right (but it is very conditional). In general, in their works, Remez was clearly not bored with the orientation of his "cards" on the sides of the world. From the map to the map they constantly jump on the sides of the sheet. There are no concepts as a scale, the proportion is missing from the word at all. At the same time, cards are already created in the West, which are almost approaching the degree of accuracy to modern.
User palexy One passage:
I have a map of D.G.Sesmemidt 1721 (a plot of Obskoy Tom and Ini) which almost completely copies the card Remezov. The date of the Messerschmidt expedition is undisputed since the documents on it were running away, but the passage from the diary brought by the Invancent: "Captain Tabbert walked today with the cornet of the Iorist to one hu-devin on the surname of the Remezov, who he saw the Tomsk County card drawn by oil paint; he looked forward her, but did not find anything in it, which would be shown correctly" (Novlyanskaya M. G. Philipp Johann Stallenberg. M.; L., 1966. P. 36.) .

Well, finally on this map there are no cities open by me and. On hundreds of foreign cards, they are there and Remezov is not. Peter is the first in 1708. "They are mentioned in. But the sake of fairness must be said that it was on this map that I found the river Malesk ,.

There is such a drawing of the Siberian Earth, compiled in 1667 under the leadership of Tobolsk governor of the So-Stolnik Peter Ivanovich Godunov. From the service drawing book S. U. Rezzov (the handwritten department of the state. Public B-ki. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Hermitage Assembly, No. 237, L 31 on the reversal).

North here below. As for the drawing book Remezov, they certainly got excited. Since I already wrote, there was no orientation on the sides of the world.
And one more option of the same card:

There are more on the network (I wanted to write perfect, but it is not) a detailed version of this card. Solo is attributed to Remezov. If you look from the point of view of the lack of any scales and proportions, yes, it agrees this remresses. But the clear presence of the parties speaks about the opposite.

Looking for materials on the city of Perm Great stumbled upon a small fragment of the card from the Server of the Ural State University which is marked as - the card by Perm is Great. XVI in. Reproduction.

Again the north here below. And the city of Perm is. Won is there, under the word "Cheremis". I could not get the whole card all the card. And from where they dug it there and did not seem.
I saw some more similar cards on the network, but they are painful and terribly primitive. Therefore, I did not even save them.
And now the most interesting.

Here it is in full size:

Do you feel the difference? Heaven and earth with Remezov drawings. Even parallels are correct. Unfortunately, the permission from the card is not very large and many small inscriptions are not visible at all. But something you can find out.
Belgorod Horde on the territory of the modern Odessa region of Ukraine:

Small Tartarium (exactly what Tartarium) in the Black Sea steppes.

And to the right of it, separated by the border, the terrain called - the yurt of the Don Cossacks. It is still stretched to the Volga, most likely.

By the way, I will give part of one map of 1614 from my post :.

Those. Over a hundred years before that, these two terrain were a single state. And it is from his "Tatar yga".
By the way, before the Cossacks called the Tatars. I have about this. There at the end directly written that the Malorossiysk Cossacks live on the lands, where the Tatar Cossacks had already lived. Or maybe they were their descendants. Who knows.

Actually, all.

Well, finally, the book: Ancient Russian idrography,: containing the description of Moskoskogo states of rivers, ducts, lakes, bestings, and what are the cities and a tract on them and on what they understand. - St. Petersburg: published by Nikolai Novikov: [Type. Acad. Sciences], 1773 . Now it is known more called "Book of a Big Drawing. This is the same map of 16, the beginning of the 17th century, only handwritten. Actually it is not possible that his drawings of the remresses drew exactly here in such texts.
By the way there in the preface is an interesting passage:

That's just the case with us and cards. They were simply not. More precisely, probably all the same were. But either they were destroyed, or they lie deeply deep in the archives. Just because there is a completely different story of Russia. Where they were re-opened by me, cities,. By the way the last, but it did not put modern historians to stubbly firmly that it was not.

Yesterday I was told that in the archives of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there are already 10,000 vintage cards. I still don't know exactly what kind of cards, our or foreign and some centuries, but I really hope that there will be Russian vintage maps 16-17 and early 18th centuries. My acquaintances are now trying to scan it all and post it. Give God, what would all come out. And then we learn a little more truth about the history of that time.

Addition :

Today we'll see the two Russian cards of the early 18th century from the archives of the Russian National Library. Although the word "let's see" here very conditionally. I have a very big desire to put all the leadership of this library to the wall and shoot them from the large-caliber machine gun. They are suitable for them and not scientists.

First seeHemisphess card 1713, published in civilian printing house VO. Kipilinova. The map is large and the resolution in the picture is still the opposite, small. Therefore, it is fashionable to see only very big records. Click will open in greater resolution. But something can be pulled out of it. Pay attention to Antarctica. She is not. I somehow specially watched similar atlases of Western cartographers. There, Antarctica is also not before the early 19th century, when her sailors opened. Therefore, if you see an old map, where Antarctica is present, then you know, it is made in the second half of the 19th century. Or later.
I would like to draw attention to the high degree of skill of the then Russian cartographers. . And I repeat my thought is not cards and children's drawings at the level of elementary school.

And one more map of the same author:Globe geographical siren earth-sensitive izh from "is four parts of the Earth, Africa, Asia, America, Jievourop, a nanion, and we have everywhere about" Emlet. The command in the civilian printing house of the Summer of the Lord: 1707. In the reigning country of Moscow, the care of Vasily Kryprianov. Under the name of His Excellency Mr. General Lieutenant Jacob Willimovich Bruce.
Her here on this link You can consider more or less. But after that, I want to squeeze the programmers with bare hands, for a long time. You can not drain all the card from there, so I made several screenshots from there. And our people are waiting for some interesting discoveries. And it is the word - "Sarmat" right under the letter M word Moscow. And above visibleOcean Sarmatian.

Here is another passage to the Sarmatian Ocean also added Scythian. To the right of the name "M. Moskovskoye". I did not understand what it means. The word tartarium is written. Through the "p". The name of the beginning of this word is visible. But above the letter "and" in the word "Siberia" is visible by the Tatar River. The word "Moscow" also seems to be written by -sarmatia. Why not written Russia or Russia? But what does the word "asin" mean not clear.

Oh, I wrote Lomonosov in vain in my book :.A brief Russian chronicler with Rodarlov, St. Petersburg: with imp. Acad. Science, 1760.

Well, in the last, the description of Europe. True can be seen very bad. Instead of France, Gallium is written. There is still some kind of Dakia. Poland is written without a soft sign. At the very end, it seems to be written by Eldard. For information . But Russia is there. And she, as I understood, in European Moscow and Tartaria as well as Turkis. These are separate states in the continent?

The description has a very interesting line:
Figures: Above hemispheres of the coat of arms of the Russian Empire against the background of the mountainous mantle supported by the archangels with swords in the hands; In the frame of the mantle of the figure of Mars, Apollo, banners and other military attributes;
And here they themselves. And this is far from a single case. By name . And all this very well go to my which we called simply - a woman's baba.

If someone canhere's from here pull out the whole map In more or less good resolution, I will be very grateful.

Supplement: the world is not without good people and thanks to the respected prostoyoleg. We can see the card entirely with you. True in the same not very large resolution.

Addition.

And these are individual files.

The semi-ocean is cool.

Strange Yes, the Adriatic Sea or Ocean Western?

And then the Ocean of Gengoriani. In general, before the sea and the ocean, they seemed to me, some other types of water vehicles.

Addition .

The Russian National Library, St. Petersburg, slowly digitizes its funds. And even puts them on everyone to review.
Pickup P. Kingdom of the Polish and Grand Duchy of the Lithuanian Drawing / By decree of his leading Tsarist Majesty, Peter Pickart, Grydorov, [Kartush Grav. A. Shhonebek]. - Moscow: Weapon Chamber, . But the card itself is accurately drawn much earlier. Kiev on it still as part of Lithuania, whereas on official history he became part of the Moscow state in 1667. I don't have a resistant feeling that it only engraved it in Moscow and created in the most principalness of Lithuanian, in the middle of the 17th century.

Click opens in a large resolution.

Very many unknown toponyms. Currently written here as Tartarium. And on the Russian map of the late 17th century from my main post. And only in the 18th century, Tartaria began to call Tataria. Act of attention to the Crimea, except for the cafe and revenue not a single acquaintance. Baltse The sea is previously called the eastern lake.

Please note how the Koenigsberg is called on this map. I climbed into the wiki and found amazing text there:
Under the name of the Queen (Kinguen) or Kinguitsa Castle and the terrain around him for a long time, starting from the XIII century, it is also mentioned in various Russian sources: chronicles, books, satin atlas. In Russia, this name was widely used to Peter I and, occasionally, in a later period, until the beginning of the 20th century, including in the artistic literature, for example, in the texts of M. Saltykov-Shchedrin. However, after Peter I, before renaming in 1946, the Russians often used the German version.
Heh, I am not in vain, I argued in my investigation - that Slavs lived there.

In general, if you do and compare a card with an official history, then the list does not dock, it will not be one ten pages. In this case, the case is a banal.

Addition :

There was such a city like Byzantium.Here is his plan

Plan of Constantinople or Tsar Grada izhe first-nominated Byzantium arms Vigos conquered by Mohammed second summer of the Lord 1453 months Maia on 29 days] / [drawn by Prince Dimitri Kantemir]; Grydor. Alexices of teeth in San [CT] P [ETER] Burg. - St. Petersburg: [Petersburg typography] ,.

IN . The French have not been lazy and sorted them all. In addition, the plans of Königsberg are. Well, and Ukraine of course. There are several dozen cards of various settlements of Russia, drawn, judging by the titles, in 1724-1729 by our cartographic. In English. This is nothing terrible. The main thing here is that until now, one of the earliest places of locality, were consideredcyril Maps, 1722-1731 . They are there, by the way, too, part. there is. And then there is a completely new one, no longer visible, the cartographic material at all. And there I found the city of Old Rezan.

North here left. This, by the way, is one of the signs, as I understand it, the map of the localities of the 17th century. Already in 18, it became the rule and map of specific locality to focus north. And before that, the cartographers painted them, to whom as convenient. The most visual example is Remizov's cards. There the north "walks" in a circle is just chaotic. Brains will be broken until you understand what and how the specific card is drawn. In general, the Russians of the 17th century, for the most part, are oriented to the south. As a map of Siberia and the Far East at the same Remezov. At least he is attributed to this card.
As for Europe, I will give an example of my old posts - . There the north is also not static. of the year, everything stirred up and adopted the modern framework.
I have a very reasonable suspicion that all the cards that we now know were made no earlier than the end of the 17th century. The right in the old originals, which by that time they simply dreamed and came into disrepair. Well, of course, they were just forged in 18- 19th centuries. It is visible according to the right proportions and outlines of the terrain. Let's watch Russian cards, pay attention to two things. Caspian must be round and not elongated. And in the Crimea, the Kerch area should be, as it were, cut off and do not stretch to the left as now.

So we see the city of Kolomna and Kashira. The city of Pereslavl - rizanskaya. And behind him the old pe.snap Note, in the old name there is a letter "E". Somewhere before the beginning of the 18th century, we had almost no letter "I". Therefore, it was, including Eroslavl.
The city of Old Rezan is a confusing story. At first, he was destroyed at the end of the 16th century Tatars, then he existed, along with the new cut, as a small village. And now in early 18th, it was rummaged to the city. ATTENTION At the city icon and footnotes to the map. Until the middle of the 18th century, and then disappeared again. The authorities announced that he was destroyed in the 13th century. In such a format of the settlement, it exists now as a monument of archeology. But there still can still see pieces of churches of the 18th century.
And in 1781, Catherine The second, renamed Perelavl-Ryazan in just Ryazan. But there is nowhere. Thank you for it. And then the toponym could go in history almost without a trace, like the city of Bulgar and Bulgaria. And then Baty, he is like a Schurik, you can write everything on it.

What do you show cards? All European maps of the world (except a few) up to 1390 are the so-called T-o maps, depicting the Mediterranean, adjacent to the territory to it and, partly, the Black Sea. What was further than these territories, at that time was not known. And so, despite the fact that allegedly from the middle of the XIII century many travelers and servants of the Catholic Church of different ranks run between Europe and the capital of China Hanbalyc! Only from the beginning of the XV century on the maps there are lands of Eastern Caspian Sea.

I will be asked: what about, for example, the famous maps of the Pizigano brothers and the Catalan Atlas of 1375? However, this is what Leo Baghrov writes in his encyclopedic book "History of Cartography" about the three cards of the world 1442-1453 of the Venice Giovanni Learddo: "Three available cards are similar in the outlines, but in later more geographical names, noticeable development and other Items. The latter is almost indistinguishable from a typical Catalan card, at least in relation to the name of individual places. General network of rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. is also borrowed from Catalan cards. For this reason, Learddo cards are 80-100 behind His time and are considered along with Daruto maps, Pizigano, and Catalan Atlas of 1375. " I translate the foregoing in Russian: Cards Daluto, Pizigano and Catalan Atlas of 1375 are drawn in the technique and manner of the 20s - 50s of the XV century, but for some unknown reasons are dated 80-100 years earlier.

Figure 1. Catalan Atlas of the world 1375

On many maps there are no dates at all, and they are dated about. Here's another quote from Bagrova, this time about the map Albertina de Virga: "As follows from the signature on the map, its author was a native of Venice, but we don't know anything about it. The last figure of the [year of manufacture] is left only 141- ; It is believed that the lack of the figure is from 1 to 5, so that the card is dated 1411-1415, although the Easter dates table begins with 1301. If you compare this card with a world map in the Atlace of Medici, you can see their close similarity; There is a suggestion that the Atlas of Medici should be attributed to the beginning of the XV century, and not the date (1351), from which his calendar begins. "

Fig.2 Map de Virga.

That's how the cards date.

I also note that a well-dated Freducci D card "ANCONE 1497 Well, just a pouring copy of the Catalan Atlas. Seeing it for the first time, I generally confused them. You can unmistakably say that this card is not released by the same master, then 100% Made in one workshop after a short period of time. The only difference between it and the Catalan Atlas - on the Freducci map there are no territories to the east of the Caspian Sea, and the flags and contours of the main cities depicted on the maps and contours - others. That is quite natural. Passed a short time, the city went out (or They fell into decay) and changed belonging (or changed heraldry).

Yes, and dating Catalan Atlas 1375, by and large, contradicts the traditional version of history and common sense. Janibek Han is drawn in the atlas (with the appropriate inscription that it is). His reign time - 1342-1357 years. But if the Atlas appeared only 20 years after his death, then why not later? I would not be much surprised if the real date of the Catalan Atlas edition was 1475 (about this below).

Fig. 3 Janibek Khan

And one more remark.

Viewing the XV-XVI centuries maps allows you to make a unambiguous conclusion: at that time, the climate was significantly different from the current one. On the maps, we see things absolutely unthinkable from our point of view. Greenlandless Ice, there are many cities and settlements in it. But now without steam heating in Greenland, it is impossible to live. The whole Arabian peninsula is dressed in a thick network of rivers. Full-water rivers in Sahara. Many maps depicts the coastal trait of Antarctica (open in 1820 FF Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev), there are already Australia with settlements (open in the XVII century). On the famous ORONTEUS cards, the figure 1531 and 1532 shows in detail Antarctica without ice, with mountain ridges, is now hidden under the kilometer layer of ice. On the XV century cards in Siberia, we see the most densely populated at that time the city of the planet. Judging by the cards, in the period of the 60-80s of the XV century on Earth there was some event, as a result of which the Earth Lick has changed unrecognizable.

Fig. 4 map of Oronteus Fin

The famous map of Fra Mauro 1459, it seems, was the last one by the time card reflecting reality to these changes. It is on it that in Central and Northern Siberia, the largest cities of that time are exactly the largest cities of that time - the capital of Khanty and the Great Khan, the city of Hanbalyk (supposedly now Beijing), the city of Quancu (Kansai among Marco Polo, Heavenly City) and others. However, this card is drawn as plansifer - peace-circle. And the farther from the center of this circle, the more distortion, the harder it is to determine where these cities actually were. And it is even quite possible that the Siberian rivers then had other channels (about this below). And yet, with complete confidence, it can be said that the capital of Katya was then located somewhere in the middle course of Ob. Possible location of the city - from Surgut to Biysk.

Fig.5 map of Fra Mauro 1459

So, Fra Mauro 1459 is the last map. After its appearance, the following metamorphosis occurs: Hanbalyk, apparently, disappears physically, and on the maps he gradually moves from the area of \u200b\u200bOb to the East. By the middle of the XVI century on the Mercator maps, this city is generally split, one remains on Obi, the other under a slightly modified name turns out to be in the Far East in approximately around the Okhotsk area. The names of the countries are splitting and the names: Kitai remains on Obi, and Cathay leaves in Yakutia and the Chukotka, Caucarum, is also transferred to the polar circle. And this despite the fact that Beijing on the maps is also there and, of course, is located at its current place. Obviously, cartographers have a kind of knowledge about the location of the disappeared capital somewhere in the Ob region, but as Siberia is conquered by Muscovy, with the promotion of it east, since everything "did not meet", and he seems to be, cartographers They were forced to draw him together with the river, on which he was located, everything is east and east, on the territories unexplored at that time. Until the very beginning of the XVII century, and the idea of \u200b\u200bidentifying the legendary Katata, the country of the Great Khan, described by Marco Polo and other travelers, and Hanbalyk with Beijing, is not coming to anyone. On all maps until the middle of the XV century, these are different countries separated by many thousand kilometers.

Fig. 6 Athanasius Nikitin

By the way and Atanasius Nikitin wrote in his notes in the middle of the 15th century: "... And from the singer to Chini, yes to the mother's month, it is all that is walking. And from Chini to the priest, Itati dry 6 a month." Six months cavanged path! And so it was thought to 1607, when Benedict GOES comes from Kashmir to Western China. Then, apparently the Jesuits, actually managed by the rank, comes ingenious thought, I will not be afraid of this word, brazenly appropriate to the rank, by and large, wildly, even before the beginning of the 20th century, the country, history and achievement of the great state, which gradually disappeared from maps.

Notes Marco Polo, telling about, supposedly, the 90s of the XIII century, for the first time appear in Europe in German in 1477. They talk about Khan Hubila, the last Mongolian Khan in China. And this is the time of the appearance of notes (the 50-70s of the XV century) is likely to be a true time of Kubila's reign.

Fig. 7 Khubilay takes the gifts of Venetians. Illustration to the "book" Marco Polo. Master from Beadico. About 1412

We read Ibn Fadlallah Al-Omari: "He says 20 days of ordinary walk. For akikul, he said [follow] Siberia and Ibir, then behind them the land of Chulman. When the traveler rides from Chulaman to the east, then he It comes to the city of Karakorum, and then in the land of the Hatae, in which the Great Caught Franks and to the inhabitants of the Western Sea. Currently, I say, Kana-Khanbalyk location. Siberian and Chulamansky countries continued, they continue to the Bashkard ... The length of his [Kipchak] from the waters of Irtysh - he is more of the Nile of Egypt and flows for the most part of the lands Khatatai - to Istanbul, and this length comes down further to the country, called immediate. Country Nezhda, he said, lies in the middle between the lands of Russian and francs. The merchants of our countries, spoke Noman, do not climb on the city of Bulgar; the merchants Bulgarian They give to Chulman, and the merchants of Chulmansky ride to the Ugra Land, which are on the outskirts of the North. "

Let me remind you that Cuulman earlier in the Turkic language was called the Kama River from his origins to the white river in her. So everything is correct - the Karakorum is located east of the kama, and even to the east he is already located Katay.

In the Tatar folk epic "Idegay" there are words belonging to Janik, the wife of Tokhtamysh:

Four parts - Did you understand, my khan?

Irtysh, Yaik, Idilla, Chulman

Four parts will cut the edge.

It describes the boundaries of the land of Tokhtamysh at the time - the River Irtysh, Ural, Volga and Kama.

On the map N. Vitsen - S. Loputsky, 1674, China is called Ob Rivers and Yenisei, and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Kara Sea is named by the Chinese Sea. The striving of the British becomes clear in the XVI century to China through Ob: "... Swimming in China northeastern aisle is very convenient and easy ... for the island of Vaigach and New Earth is a big bay ... in which big rivers are poured , Koi should be irrigated by the whole of China ... You can penetrate the big courts in the country's deepests. " This statement belongs to the greatest cartographer Middle Ages Gerard Mercator.

Fig. 9 Map Vitsen

Bayei in his 23rd letter Wolter wrote: "Tatars say that once their ancestors floating on the lake Kytai, where the river bought his beginning, they saw the majestic buildings, partly flooded." According to the archaic tales of Khanty (in the past known as the Ostyakov) and Nenets (in the past of Samoyedov), in the places of their settlement on the shores of the middle flow of Ob and Irtysh in antiquity there were cities covered with copper dome-shaped roofs.

Fig. 10

In different languages, Hanbalyk was called differently: Canbaluk, Kabaleut, Gambalu, Canbalu, Cambalut, Garibalu, Kam-Bakluk, Cambaluk, Shambli. In Russian - Shambala. For several centuries, various mystics are unsuccessfully looking for this city in Tibet, rank and Mongolia.

They are looking for not where you can find. The Portuguese Missionary Jesuit Jacques Cabral in 1625 wrote: "Shambala is not China, but the fact that on our cards is noted as a big tartarium." Among the persistent seekers, Shambhala and the famous our traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888). He adhered to the northern version of the location of Shambhala, bringing it closer, first of all, with a polar country of happiness. "... A very interesting legend concerns Shambhala island, located on the edge of the North Sea," writing Przhevalsky. "There are a lot of gold, and wheat reaches an amazing height. In this country, poverty is unknown; indeed, milk and honey flow in this country."

On the cards of the first half of the XV century, Hanbalyk is in the lower reaches of a very large river, almost on the shore of the Northern Ocean. At the same time, other major cities are located in other rivers (and for the most part on the shores of the Ice Ocean). Fra Mauro Hanbalyk is also in the lower reaches of a very large river, and east of this river there is another very large river (or, more precisely, through one river - the smaller river is located between them) called Quiam - i.e. Hem, who or Ham. The ancient name of Yenisei is "by whom" or "Hem", "Big River" in translation. The origin of this word is erected to the ancient Indian "Kids" - water. Let me remind you that the origins and tributaries of the Yenisei are called Kyzyl-Hem names, Balyktyg-Hem, Ham Sarah, Himmer, Biyhem (Big Yenisei), Ka-Hem (Small Yenisei). Biyhem and Ka-Hem merge and form Ulug-Hem (literally large or great hem).

Fig. 11 Yenisei

On old cards, Katay-China is a territory starting almost from Central Asia and going to the Arctic Ocean. Let's look at the names of Siberian rivers: Katun, Kuyu, Heta (separately by itself, as well as big and small), Kat, Khatanga, Cotuan, Golden China. These hydronicims clearly have a common origin and allow you to unmistakably determine the true location of the legendary Kata-China - this is the territory located on the left and right from the imaginary line conducted from the sources of Ob to Taimyr. It is very and very possible that the peoples of the local ketov (this is self-talent, "ket" - a man; then China - a country of people, populated area?) - It is descendants of Katav-China.

Fig.12 Ket.

The language of this tiny people (about 1084 people according to the 1989 census) is the main mass of which lives in the middle of the Yenisei, and the most of the ketov in the Turukhan region is absolutely unique for these places. He has nothing to do with the languages \u200b\u200bof the surrounding peoples. Structurally and morphologically, it is close to the language of Tibetans, Burmesers, Georgians, Basque and North American Indians. The transport reindeerness of Ketami was borrowed from the Nenets, but part of the people (the group of the Zepers in the lower reaches of the Tunguska) so never perceived it. That is, the originally knights were not reindeer herds, and it seems because of the climate they must have had them to be like all the people around.

Fig. 13 Modern Kets

Remezov's curious message is: "Riding the Chinese embassy through the Siberian cities to Moscow, in which the Mungalian rock was tortured by the main ambassador, as it was in Yeniseisk, such a rumor was false: the ambassadors, as if they asked for governors to bow down in Krasnoyarsk bombing of their ancestors ... ". It turns out that these "mungals" of Yenisei-Krasnoyarsk origin?!

Christopher Columbus in his time sailed in Katay, to the Great Hanu. Andres Bernaldes, - Kapellan of the Great Inquisitor and Archbishop of Seville Diego Dee, the nearest adviser of Queen Isabella, - in his "History of the Catholic Kings" wrote:

"Thus, the admiral [Columbus], following the east and leaving the land of Juans on his right hand, moved into the way, suggesting to beat it, and then go on to see the subject of his desires, but he wanted to find the area and the city of Katay. He claimed that Katay is the possession of the Great Khan and that it is possible to find this country on the side, [where he headed].

This is the richest edge in the world, you can read about Juan de Mandeville and others who have seen this country; Gold and silver there are in the greatest abundance, as well as all metals and silk. But all - residents of Kata - Gentiles and Warlocks, the people of the subtle mind, knowledgeable in all their crafts, and knights. A lot of them are written about a lot of surprise, judging by the story of the noble English Cavaller Juan de Mandeville, who went there, saw the Great Khan and spent some time in his possessions. And who wishes to see all of this, let him read about that in his book, in 85, 87 and 88th chapters, and he will make sure that the city of Katay is very rich and famous and that the whole area is called the same way. And the city of Katata and the Kate region is part of Asia, which lies near the land of Presbyter of John Indian, on the side that prevails in the north and to the north facing. And that is why Admiral searched for her in the north.

So, it took a lot of time to find this country, because the Great Khan in antiquity was the Lord of the Tatar. And the Great Tataria is on the outskirts of Rushi and Bahia, and we can say that the Great Tataro starts from Hungary [Ugra], and that if you look from Andalusia, it will be located in the direction where the sun rises in a month with the longest days in year, and this way (east) usually go to that land the merchants. "

For our long-time ancestors, the world was often limited to the earth, which surrounded and fed them. But even the earliest human civilizations still tried to measure the scale of this world and made the first attempts to make maps.

It is believed that the first such card was created in Babylon more than 2500 years ago, and it shows the world outside the Babylonian kingdom in the form of poisonous waters and dangerous islands, where (as they thought) people could not survive.

Over time, the cards gradually became more and more large-scale as the knowledge of people's knowledge about what is outside the Mediterranean. With the beginning of the era of wanderings and research in the 15th century, the concept of vision of the world has changed, the East began to appear on the maps, an enormous unexplored ocean appeared on the spot of America. And with the return of Columbus, the world map began to acquire the appearance, already understandable to us, modern people.

1. The most ancient famous world map from Babylon (6 century BC). In the center of the world, the Babylonian kingdom itself. Around him "bitter river". Seven dots behind the river is the islands where it is impossible to get.

2. World map Hecatery Miretsky (5-6 century BC). Hektei divides the world into three parts: Europe, Asia and Libya, located around the Mediterranean Sea. His world is a round disk, surrounded by the ocean.

3. Map of the world of Posidonon (2 century BC). This card expands the early Greek vision of the world, including the conquest of Alexander Macedonsky.

4. World Map Pomponia Chala (43 years old)

5. Map of the world Ptolemy (150 years AD). He first added a latitude and longitude line to the world map.

6. Petering Skriegalval, Roman card of the 4th century, which shows the network of roads of the Roman Empire. The full card is very long, it shows the Earth from Iberia to India. In the center of the world, of course, Rome.

7. World map of Kozma Indicoplov (6th century AD). The world is depicted as a flat rectangle.

8. Later Christian map in the form of a multicolored leaf of clover compiled by Heinrich Banting (Germany, 1581). In fact, it does not describe the world, or rather on this map, the world is a continuation of the Christian Trinity, and Jerusalem is his center.

9. Map of the world Mahmoud al-Kashgari (11th century). The world is concentrated around the ancient city of Balasagun, now the territory of Kyrgyzstan. This includes places (countries), which, according to predictions, will appear by the end of the world, such as Gogh and Magog.

10. Map "Rozhor Book" Al-Idrisi, compiled in 1154. It was created on the basis of information received from Arab traders who traveled around the world. At that time it was the most accurate and extensive map of the world. Europe and Asia are already clearly visible, but from Africa, there is only its northern part.

11. Hereford world map of the 14th century of the authorship of some Richard from Haldingham. In the center of Jerusalem, at the top of the East. A circle in the southern part of the map is the Eden Garden.

12. Chinese card "Da Ming Hunyi Tu" of the late 14th century. The world through the eyes of the Chinese times of the Ming dynasty. China, of course, dominates, and the whole of Europe is squeezed into a small space in the West.

13. The Genoese map compiled in 1457 on the basis of the descriptions of Niccolo and Conti. So the Europeans see the world and Asia after the opening of the first trading routes in Mongolia and China.

14. Projection of the Globe Erdapfel ("Earth Apple") of the authorship of Martin Beyma (Germany, 1492). Erdapfel is the oldest famous globe showing the world as a sphere, but without America - instead of her still a huge ocean.

15. The world map of Johann Ryuysh, compiled in 1507. One of the first images of the new light.

16. Map Martin Waldzeryller and Mattias Ringmanna 1507. It was the first card on which the new world was named "America." America looks like a thin strip of the east coast.

17. Map of the world of Gerard Wang Sterena 1689. By this time, most of the world is already applied to the card, and only small parts of America remain empty.

18. The map of the world Samuel Danna is 1794. By making the opening card of Captain James Cook, Dunn became the first cartographer, which correctly portrayed our world.