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Topographic signs on the map of the area. Symbols on the map by geography. Explanatory and conventional signs of local items

When depicting various objects on the terrain plans, a universal system of cartographic conventional symbols is used. This designation is often referred to as a “map legend”. Their designs resemble the objects they depict. For example, trees, bridges, oil rigs. In general, there are quite a few such signs, therefore, special reference books are issued containing a list of accepted abbreviations and designations.

Initial information

Cartographic conventional signs are used to symbolically designate objects and phenomena on maps, to indicate qualitative and quantitative parameters. Each graphic symbol has its own type of object or phenomenon. Depending on the scale of the image, the sizes of the characters may differ, but their design remains unchanged.

The drawing of the icon is made in clear lines. Explanatory captions are used to indicate additional characteristics. For example, they are used to indicate the prevailing type of trees in the forest, the material of the road surface. Correct reading of topography provides detailed information about any part of the terrain.

The notation uses the concept of an isoline. This is a line connecting points with the same values ​​of phenomena located on the map. So, a line with equal atmospheric pressure along it is called isobar, and with equal air temperature - isotherm. In cases of coinciding heights of the earth, such a line is called an isohypsum (horizontal). The plans also show lines, isotachs, connecting points with the same wind speed.

There are several ways of notation:

  • sign - can be of any geometric shape, in the form of letters or pictures;
  • linear signs - used to represent extended objects, for example, rivers, borders, communication routes;
  • high-quality fund - used to identify areas with the same socio-economic, administrative characteristics, the location of titanic plates, the type of soil or vegetation;
  • diagrams - indicate quantitative characteristics, for example, wind rose, precipitation;
  • cartodiagrams - are widely used to indicate static and economic indicators, indicators of the volume of production, the structure of the land fund, stocks of matter;
  • movement - by this method, sea currents, travel routes, bird migration routes are marked on maps;
  • area - used to decorate the boundaries of the map.

Most conventional symbols can be combined with each other, but not all. For example, the point method cannot be combined with images of sign and cartograms. Legend also depends on the scale of the map or plan.

Classification of designations

It is impossible to remember all the symbols on the map, therefore there are topographic guides with a detailed description of the adopted symbols. Initial information can be obtained in the textbook on geography for the sixth grade. But schoolchildren are given only general scanty information, which, however, should be enough for tourism. More detailed information is contained in the reference books. For example, "Reference Book on Military Topography" by A. M. Govorukhin or "Fundamentals of Topography" by A. L. Vostroknutov.

Symbols are of three types:

  • areal (contour);
  • off-scale;
  • explanatory.

Contour symbols can be used to determine not only geographic coordinates, but also the size of objects and their outlines. The perimeter of objects is drawn with solid lines, and their color matters. Black marks the boundaries of structures, fences, roads, blue - water resources, brown - relief, light pink - paths of movement in settlements.

The dotted line is used to mark the boundaries of agricultural land, embankments, tunnels, glades. Linear signs are a type of scale. They are used to depict power lines, roads.

If a map or plan is depicted on such a scale that, due to its smallness, the contour designation becomes cumbersome, an off-scale type is used. In this case, a point is set, which is located at the location of the object. For signs of a symmetrical shape, it is drawn in the center, with a base in the form of an angle - at the top, consisting of a combination of different shapes - in the center of the bottom.

Explanatory signs supplement the scale and off-scale designations. With their help, the characteristics of objects and their features are indicated. For example, when depicting a forest consisting of coniferous trees, along with a sign next to it, there may be a description of the height and the additional species present.

Using explanations, indicate the names of settlements, rivers, lakes, and the like. Within the city limits, the names of avenues, districts, schools, kindergartens, streets are designated. To enhance the visual image, a group of symbols related to one type of signs is performed in one color.

Image features

Images and designations of conventional signs for various topographic scales were developed on the basis of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Survey and Cartography of the USSR GUGK. The complete reference book was published in 1977 by the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR by the Nedra publishing house. It replaced the 1968 edition. The last revision was released in 1989. In addition, the conventional signs of geographical maps are indicated in GOST 21.204−93, as well as SNiP 11−02−96.

When applying signs on a map, the following requirements are taken into account:

  • off-scale signs for depicting objects are placed at a distance of at least 0.3 mm from each other perpendicular to the southern frame;
  • if the center of the mark falls on the frame, then it is applied on the original sheet and on the adjacent one;
  • the dotted line is not used if it coincides with the boundaries of linear objects, as well as when passing the contour at a distance of less than one millimeter;
  • the outlines of buildings must match the true shape;
  • the presence of towers or towers on buildings is indicated with special signs or highlighted contours with explanations;
  • lightweight buildings of a portable type are not indicated on the plans;
  • images of residential buildings are signed with the letter "Zh", non-residential - "H", and the number of storeys is designated by a number;
  • metro entrances are designated with a capital letter "M";
  • the cellars are indicated with an explanatory inscription and signed with the word "Cellars";
  • cemeteries in topological surveys are depicted with the transfer of buildings;
  • when indicating quarries, their depth is shown next to them;
  • conventional signs of oil and gas rigs are depicted only when they are located near wells;
  • signs of supports with consoles more than two meters long are accompanied by strokes;
  • before the sign of the vegetation cover, the names of a free-standing tree or forest are placed;
  • when indicating the sign "forest" in the numerator write down the height of the trees, and in the denominator the thickness, the number after the fraction denote the distance between the trees;
  • ice cliffs and ice are drawn in blue, and inscriptions are also made with it;
  • meadow vegetation is depicted in white;
  • clay areas in deserts, expressed on the scale of the map, are outlined with a contour, if without a scale, then the boundaries of the site are not marked;
  • on a map with a scale of 1:25 000, all sands are denoted by a single sign - "smooth sands".

Common signs

Knowing the correct decoding of topo signs allows you to confidently navigate the terrain on the map, understanding where and what is. Of the large number of different symbols, the most common are the symbols of support and settlements, railways and highways, signs of relief and land cover, indications of water areas.

The main geodetic signs are:

  1. Residential and non-residential buildings - depict with a pattern and numbers indicating the size of the building.
  2. Destroyed and dilapidated objects - unlike whole objects, their contours are represented by dots.
  3. Churches - marked on the map with a cross indicating the height.
  4. Chapels, mosques - respectively, a circle with a cross and a circle with a crescent.
  5. Quarters - the outline of a solid line with internal shading, the color of the stroke indicates the material from which the buildings are made.
  6. Tunnels and overpasses - the first are two parallel lines with a dashed in the middle, and the second with a solid one.
  7. Plants, factories - a black rectangle is drawn with an image on top of the pipe, if it is not in the factory, the pipe is not shown, and the rectangle changes to the form of a channel.
  8. Mines - their sign is two crossed pickaxes, if the mines are not working, the sign is turned over.
  9. Oil and gas derricks - designate a pipe pattern, on the right side of which they sign the type of resource, and on the left indicate the height of the derrick.
  10. Parks are identified if their area is at least 1.5x2.0 mm on a map scale.
  11. Ravines and gullies - for their designation indicate the mouth, fan, bottom and slopes. Their relief is drawn in brown. Narrow objects are depicted with one thickened line or two with a width of more than one and a half meters.
  12. Cemeteries - outline a contour in the middle of which crosses are placed.
  13. Swamps - clear spaces are depicted as a solid outline, painted over in green and periodically applied with risks, but if there are bumps or bushes, then their images are evenly distributed throughout the space.

It should be noted that, depending on the congestion of the sections, it is allowed to change the fonts. Numerical characteristics are drawn in italics, except for the signing of contour lines and number of storeys of buildings.

Water objects

The watermark table takes a separate place in cartography. The depiction of the coastal parts of seas, lakes, rivers, canals, wells and various bodies of water is called hydrography. The larger the scale of the plan, the more detailed the water icons are.

Small reservoirs are indicated only for arid regions or deserts, as well as when it is impossible to use other landmarks. Be sure to mark rivers, main ditches and streams on the maps. On large-scale maps, rivers up to five meters wide are drawn with one line, and wider ones with two. The arrow indicates the direction of the current. The names of navigable rivers and canals are written in capital letters, and non-navigable ones - in lower case.

For dams and artificial ramparts indicate heights in meters... A shot is placed near the fords. In the numerator, the numbers indicate the depth and length in meters, and in the denominator, the type of soil and the speed of the current. When designating bridges, indicate the material from which they are made. You need to read "K" - like stone, "ZhB" - reinforced concrete, "M" - metal, "D" - wooden. After that, they write the physical length of the bridge, the width of the carriageway and the height above the water. All dimensions are in meters.

The marinas and anchorages are not drawn to scale. The first sign the abbreviated "priest." in lowercase letters with italics, and the latter denote an icon with an anchor. Recently, it has become fashionable among tourists to swim on rivers and, using GPS, try to independently sign the location of the rapids. But you shouldn't really trust such designations. They are indicated with a dash across the river with the signature "pore".

If it is necessary to designate a water tower, then do it with the help of a picture with a drop and the inscription "water" standing next to it. The lighthouse is depicted with an asterisk, and the well is depicted with a circle indicating the depth. Lakes are marked with a completed outline painted in blue. Above it, they put a number indicating the height in meters, and next to it in brackets they sign the abbreviated type of water. It can be fresh (pr.), Salty (salty), bitter-salty (g-sol.).

Thus, local objects on geographic or geodetic plans and maps are depicted with conventional topographic signs. Their designations are defined in GOST and GUGK and are of the same type. At the same time, even without knowing which sign means what, you can intuitively guess about its purpose in appearance.

Topographic signs and symbols of bushes and shrubs

How are the elements of land cover, gardens, plantations, etc. indicated?

Let's start with the swamps. According to the degree of passability, they are divided into

Passable: swamps, through which in summer in any direction the movement of infantry is possible both in open and in closed formations.

Impenetrable: swamps through which the infantry can move with considerable difficulty and only in open formation.

Impassable: even one person cannot pass

Conditional explanatory signs of age and species of forests


Symbols and cartographic designations of swamps


Symbols and cartographic designations of sands and steppes


Symbols and cartographic designations of lands, plantations, etc.



Sometimes you can come across a combination of symbols. For example, a wet meadow and marshes where haymaking is performed are indicated by the marsh and meadow signs.

A topographic map, on which the tactical or special situation with all its changes in the course of hostilities is graphically displayed using conventional tactical signs with the necessary explanatory inscriptions, is called the commander's working map.

The process of displaying a tactical or special situation on a map or other graphic document is called "setting the situation". The totality of conventional tactical signs is called "tactical situation" or abbreviated "situation".

Completeness of setting the setting:

1. About the enemy:

  • location of weapons of mass destruction with details down to a single weapon, rocket launcher;
  • infantry, motorized infantry, tank, artillery units with details to the platoon, guns;
  • radiation situation to the extent necessary for work.

2.About your troops:

  • the position of the subunits in detail two steps below their level (for example, the regiment commander marks battalions and companies).
  • tasks assigned by the senior chief.

Applied topographic maps:

  • 1: 25000 - commanders of inputs and companies;
  • 1: 50,000 - battalion commanders;
  • 1: 100000 - commanders of regiments, divisions, corps;
  • 1: 200000 - commanders of armies, fronts;
  • 1: 500000 - overview maps of the fronts, the main command.

The following colors are used to apply the decor:

  1. Basic - red, blue, black;
  2. Auxiliary - brown, green, yellow.

The use of other colors, as well as shades of primary or secondary colors is not allowed.

  • RED it is used when designating for our troops the position, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of motorized rifle, airborne, tank, aviation, and naval units. Fire zones are marked with the same color, regardless of who created these zones.
  • BLUE it is used when designating for enemy troops the position, missions, actions, weapons and equipment of all combat arms. Also, all inscriptions related to the enemy are applied in this color. Flooded zones are marked with the same color, regardless of who created these zones.
  • BLACK used in the designation for our troops provisions, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of missile troops, artillery, anti-aircraft troops, engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, railway and other special troops. Also, this color is used for all inscriptions related to all types of our troops.
  • BROWN It is used to draw roads, routes, and convoy routes of our troops, to fill the zones of application of bacteriological (biological) weapons, and to mark the outer border of the zone of radioactive contamination of V.
  • GREEN is used to designate the outer border of the zone of radioactive contamination of B.
  • YELLOW it is used to fill the zone of chemical contamination.

All inscriptions are made in upright or oblique standard drawing font. Direct font is used for the title of the card and the signatures of officials. In other cases, an italic font is used (angle of inclination 75 degrees). Italic capital letters are used for service headings and signatures, as well as at the beginning of a sentence and for abbreviations. Lowercase letters are used to write legends, explanatory inscriptions and a large number of abbreviations. All inscriptions are made horizontally only. Vertical or oblique inscriptions are not allowed.

The size of the inscriptions should be proportional to the scale of the map and commensurate with the significance of the unit. The table shows the sizes of the inscriptions depending on the scale of the map and the unit (the size of the shoift in full size). The font size for designating smaller units, individual objects, explanatory inscriptions cannot be larger than the font size for the platoon.

Drawings of the tactical signs of our troops are always directed towards the enemy and vice versa. The exception is anti-aircraft weapons, which are always directed towards the top edge of the map.

If the tactical mark is clearly larger in size than the true size of the object on the map scale, then the center of the tactical mark is considered the location of the object on the ground (for flags, the lower part of the flag rod, for arrows, the front end of the arrow).

Control centers and communication facilities

The control room of the shelf is in place. KP inscription means - command post, TPU - rear control post. The inscription inside the flag is the shelf number.

Battalion control point. The inscription 1/10 MSR means 1 battalion of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.

The same in motion.

1- The command and observation post of the company commander is in place. 2- BMP of the company commander (respectively, the armored personnel carrier, tank of the company commander is designated. A tactical sign of this type of equipment and two dashes are put. The platoon commander has one dash.

Observation post of the 10th motorized rifle regiment. If there is a letter inside the sign, then this means that the NP is specialized (A-artillery, I-engineering, X-chemical, B-air surveillance, T-technical). In artillery, special forces, the badge is black.

Traffic control post (P-traffic controller, checkpoint-checkpoint, KTP-checkpoint.

Communication center. 1- field movable. 2- stationary

Radio. 305 - receiver brand.

Radio station. 1-movable, 2-wearable. 3- tank

Mobile radio relay station

Reconnaissance radar station. 1- air targets. 2 ground targets.

Radio network of wearable stations.

Radio direction of mobile stations.

March, reconnaissance and security

1-foot column of troops. Regiment with number designation, battalion with three dashes, company with two dashes, platoon with one dash, squad without dashes.

2. A column of troops on equipment. Here is 2 msr on the BMP. if there is a tank column, then the icon of the tank, if the column is an armored personnel carrier, then the icon of an armored personnel carrier, etc.

1- Column of special troops. The fifth engineer battalion is here.

2-Column of an artillery battalion (battery - two dashes, platoon - one dash, a separate gun on the march - the arrow is shorter and without dashes

The head marching outpost as part of the first motorized rifle company on the BMP, reinforced by the first platoon of the second tank company (BPZ - side marching outpost, TPZ - rear.

A mobile detachment of obstacles of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.

Column of a rear support platoon (wob), if the company is mate. ensuring that the inscription - rmob, battalion obmob

Column of technical closure of the battalion (P-regiment).

Reconnaissance detachment.

Sentinel department on BMP

Combat reconnaissance patrol of the 2nd tank battalion by 9:00 on November 15. (ORD - separate reconnaissance dozor, RD - reconnaissance dozor, OFRD - officer razved.dozor, IRD - engineering razved.watch, HRD - chemical reconnaissance dozor), Color of the sign according to the type of troops.

Foot patrol.

Foot patrol of the 7th tank company and its patrol route

1 platoon of reconnaissance company 10 motorized rifle regiment in search (raid)

1 platoon of the 9th tank company in ambush.

The location and actions of units

The area (section of terrain) occupied by the unit. Here is the 3rd motorized rifle battalion. An inscription indicating the unit is required, the tactical sign of the unit's equipment is optional. The sign is large-scale, on the map it covers the entire area occupied by the unit. A broken line indicates that the area is slated for occupation by the unit. The letter "L" indicates that this is a false area.

An area occupied by a subdivision whose tactical color is black. Here is the area of ​​the 5th engineer battalion.

The direction of the unit's offensive.

The immediate task of the unit. Here 1 is a common sign of a battalion (as indicated by three dashes on the arrow), 2 is a battalion on an infantry fighting vehicle. If the battalion or company or platoon is tank, then the badges of tanks, if on the armored personnel carrier, then the badges of the armored personnel carrier, if the battalion is on foot, then badge No. 1 is used. The badge is large-scale!

Follow-up task. Here 1 is the general sign of the battalion, 2 is the sign of the tank battalion. The sign is large-scale!

The position (milestone) reached by the unit by a certain time. The sign is large-scale.

Machine-gun platoon in battle formation. Below is the general sign of the battalion and company on the BMP. The sign is large-scale.

The boundary of a probable meeting with the enemy.

Initial line (regulation line, line of entry into battle of the second echelon, etc.)

Front (line) occupied by subdivisions. The line of contact with the enemy

Deployment line in battalion columns (company - two lines, platoon - one line)

The boundary of the transition to the attack. 1-common sign, 2-motorized rifle units.

The dismounting line of motorized rifle units

The firing line of a tank unit. Here is the third line of fire of the third tank battalion.

Anti-tank unit deployment line

Mining line.

Tactical airborne assault landing area. Here is the second battalion of the third motorized rifle regiment. disembarkation is expected at 9.00 on July 10. If the fact of the landing has come true, then the line is solid.

Helicopter landing site.

Area and points of amphibious assault landing.

The division is stopped at this line.

Withdrawal of the unit from the occupied line.

Dividing line between shelves

dividing line between battalions.

Line (position) not occupied by subdivisions.

The location of the unit in defense.

1- general sign, 2- motorized rifle unit.

Place of capture of the prisoner. Here a soldier of the 2nd battalion of the 26th infantry regiment of the 19th mechanized division was captured at 5.00 on 12 August.

Place of confiscation of documents of the killed.

Weapons of mass destruction and protection against them

Nuclear strike planned by us. 015 - target number, 1/5 ordn - the first battery of the fifth cancer division. -40 - ammunition power 40 kilotons, B - air explosion. "H + 1.10 is the time of the explosion.

Safe removal line (projections towards the explosion).

The area of ​​destruction from the explosion of the enemy. The inner ring is a zone of continuous destruction, then - a zone of solid blockages, weak destruction; the outer ring is the zone of neutron impact on the openly located personnel.

Fire area and direction of fire spread.

The place of a nuclear explosion produced by the enemy, indicating the type of explosion, power and time and the zone of radioactive contamination. The direction and size of the zones are scaled

Measurement point of the radiation level with indication of the level. time and date of infection.

Enemy nuclear mine with indication of charge power, depth of laying and time of detection.

Field of chemical landmines.

The area contaminated with toxic substances and the direction of displacement of the OM cloud.

Bioweapon contamination site.

Small arms and artillery

Light machine gun

Machine gun

Hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher

Automatic grenade launcher

Anti-aircraft missile system.

Anti-aircraft machine gun mount

Anti-tank grenade launcher

Wearable anti-tank missile systems (ATGM). Here 1- ATGM anti-tank machine gun platoon, 2- ATGM anti-tank platoon.

Flamethrowers. Here 1-jet light, 2-jet heavy.

Anti-tank gun. 1-general designation, 2- up to 85mm, 3- up to 100mm, 4- more than 100mm.

A gun. 1- general designation, 2- up to 100mm, 3- up to 152mm, 4- more than 152mm.

Howitzer. 1- general designation, 2- up to 122mm., 3- up to 155mm., 4- more than 155mm.

Howitzer with a caliber over 155mm., Firing nuclear weapons.

Self-propelled howitzer. Here the caliber is up to 122 mm.

Rocket artillery combat vehicle. 1-general designation. 2- medium caliber.

Mortar. 1 - general designation, 2 - small caliber, 3 - medium caliber, 4 - large caliber.

Anti-aircraft gun. 1-general designation. 2-small caliber, 3-medium caliber.

Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation. 1- without radar, 2- with radar.

Fighting vehicle of an anti-aircraft missile system. The design of the sign depends on the type of the base vehicle, the icon inside depends on the type of rocket.

Anti-aircraft missile launcher. 1-short-range. 2-short range, 3- medium range. The sign in the circle is the Zen.PU battery.

The area of ​​the firing positions of the artillery division. Here is the first division of the 12th artillery regiment. The signs of the batteries are off-scale, the area is large-scale.

The firing position of the battery is 100mm. guns.

Firing position of the mortar battery

Separate goal. 28 is the target number. The blue mark inside the circle is the location of the enemy's firearm.

Areas of concentration of fire. The numbers are the CO numbers. Large-scale signs.

Single fixed obstruction light with indication of its code name.

Deep fixed barrage on three lines with the indication of the code name Co and the numbers of the lines.

Single movable obstruction light with indication of its code name and line numbers.

Double movable barrage

Sequential concentration of fire, indicating the conventional names of the lines and target numbers (solid lines are the lines along which it is planned to fire simultaneously; with a double PSO, solid lines connect targets on two lines, with a triple line on three lines, large-scale targets and sections of targets.

Massive fire with indication of its code name and section numbers.

The firing rampart with indication of the conventional names of the lines, sections for divisions and their numbers, and the numbers of intermediate lines.

Boundary line of the firing sector

The boundary line of the additional shelling sector.

Concentrated fire from a motorized rifle company (SO-1 - sector number, 1,2,3 - platoon sector numbers.

The line of barrage of fire of a grenade launcher platoon with the marking of its number and sections of the lights of the squads.

Armored vehicles, cars and helicopters

Tank. 1- general designation, 2- battalion commander's tank, 3- amphibious tank, 4- flamethrower tank

Tank with a complex of anti-tank weapons.

Tank and BMP with a mine sweep

Tank with BTU

Tank with STU

Combat reconnaissance vehicle and combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle (BRDM)

Car and car with trailer

1-tank tractor, 2-track tractor, 3-car tractor

Motorbike

Ambulance car

Helicopter. 1- general designation, 2-combat, 3- transport.

Engineering equipment and structures

Tank bridgelayer

Tracked amphibious transporter

Self-propelled tracked ferry (ferry-bridge vehicle).

Engineering vehicles on a wheelbase (Here is a heavy mechanized bridge TMM)

Engineering vehicles on a tracked base (Here BAT).

Pontoon-bridge park with a description of its type.

A trench of a motorized rifle unit with a closed gap

Trench with a communication course.

The gun is in the trench. The color of the trench mark by type of troops. (the same sign for all mobile fire weapons)

Open type observation structure (closed type with a black filled triangle.

Vehicle cover (vehicle icon by type)

Shelter indicating the degree of protection and capacity

Open slit

Closed gap

Escarp (counter-escarp) indicating the length.

Unobtrusive wire fence (spiral, net on low posts.

Anti-tank ditch with an indication of the length.

Nadolby indicating the type, number of rows and length.

The mined blockage with an indication of the length.

Wire fence (number of lines - number of rows).

section of hedgehog barriers indicating the number of rows and length

Anti-tank minefield

Anti-personnel minefield (a mixed minefield is indicated by alternating open and filled circles)

Minefields established by means of remote mining.

1-unguided land mine, 2- radio-controlled land mine, 3-land mine, controlled by wires.

Passage through barriers with indication of number and width.

Bridge destroyed by the enemy

A section of the road destroyed by the enemy, indicating the extent of the destruction.

Amphibious crossing with an indication of the number and type of landing craft.

Crossing of tanks under water, indicating 3-depth, 180-width of the river, 40-width of the route, P-character of the bottom, 0.8- current speed.

Ferry crossing with indication of the number of ferries, their carrying capacity and the type of fleet

Ferry crossing of three GSP ferries and 3 ferries of 40 tons each and from PMM cars.

Rigid Supported Bridge. H-low-water 120m long, 4m wide. and with a carrying capacity of 60 tons.

Pontoon bridge 120 m long, with a carrying capacity of 60 tons from the PMP park

The ford is 0.8 m deep, the width of the river is 120 m, the bottom is solid, the current speed is 0.5 m per second.

Ice crossing number five for cargoes of 60 tons.

Subdivisions of technical support and rear, and their facilities

Collection point for damaged cars. P-regimental, 1- his number, bt- for armored vehicles

Repair and evacuation group on the armored personnel carrier. P-regimental, bt - for armored vehicles.

Regimental warehouse. G - fuel, 10tp - 10th tank regiment.

Regiment medical station.

Battalion medical station.

Medical post of the company

Shooter-orderly.

Ambulance transport post

Refueling point for fuel and lubricants of the battalion

Battalion ammunition point

Company ammunition station

Service point on the route. Г-ГСМ.

Combined arms units and subunits

  • Motorized rifleman. regiment, battalion, company, platoon, squad - msv, msb, msr, msv, mso
  • Tank regiment, battalion, company, platoon- tp, tb, tr, tv
  • Machine gun and artillery battalion, company pulab, pular
  • Airborne battalion, company, platoon- pdb, pdr, pdv
  • Air assault battalion, company, platoon dshb, dshr, dshv
  • Reconnaissance company, platoon, detachment- pp, rv, ro
  • Machine gun company, platoon, squad pulr, pulv, pullo
  • Anti-tank platoon ptv
  • Grenade platoon, squad gv, go
  • Anti-tank machine gun platoon ptpool

Artillery units and subunits

  • Artillery regiment, battalion, battery- ap, adn, batr
  • Self-propelled artillery battalion, battery sadn, sabatr
  • Anti-tank guided missile battery Batr ATGM
  • Mortar battery, platoon minbatr, minv
  • Platoon control woo

Air defense units and subdivisions

  • Anti-aircraft missile battery, platoon, squad - zrbatr, zrv, zro
  • Anti-aircraft artillery battery, platoon, squad - zabatr, head, zo
  • Anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery zrabotr
  • Battery, platoon of self-propelled anti-aircraft guns Batr ZSU, vzv. ZSU

Special Forces Units

  • Engineer-sapper company, platoon, detachment isr, isv, iso
  • Engineering assault company, platoon, squad ishr, ishv, isho
  • Airborne company pdesr
  • Pontoon company, platoon Monday, Monday
  • Platoon, branch of tracked amphibious transporters ex. GPT, dep. GPT
  • Platoon, compartment of tracked self-propelled ferries - ex. GSP, dep. SHG
  • Branch of bridgelayers dep. MTU
  • Company, chemical protection platoon- rhz, vhz
  • Platoon, department of radiation and chemical reconnaissance- vrhr, orhr
  • Platoon, special treatment department vso, eso
  • Flamethrower platoon, squad ov, oo
  • Company, platoon, post office- pc, sun, os
  • Commandant company, platoon cr, sq.

Subdivisions of technical support and logistics

  • Separate battalion, logistics company obmo, rmo
  • Automobile company, platoon, squad avtr, avtv, auto
  • Repair company remr
  • Maintenance platoon, department host, host
  • Supply platoon, supply platoon wob, sun
  • Maintenance department oto

Control points

  • Command post- KP
  • Rear command post TPU
  • Command and observation post- KNP
  • Reserve command post - ZKP
  • Observation post- NP
  • Air observation post PVN
  • Artillery observation post ANP
  • Technical supervision point PTN
  • Engineering Observation Post INP

General Purpose Terminology

  • Vanguard (rearguard) - Av (Ar)
  • Bacteriological (biological) weapons BO
  • Bacteriological (biological) infection BZ
  • Battalion refueling point - BZP
  • Fighting machine- BM
  • Infantry fighting vehicle- BMP
  • Combat reconnaissance vehicle BRM
  • Combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle- BRDM
  • Side marching outpost- BPZ
  • Armored personnel carrier Armored personnel carrier
  • Combat kit bq.
  • Explosives- BB
  • Height- h.
  • Head marching outpost- GPP
  • Head watch- DG
  • Diesel fuel- DT
  • Long-term firing structure (long-term fortification) - DOS (DFS)
  • Incendiary weapons (incendiary means) - ZZhO (ZZhS)
  • Refueling request
  • Protection against weapons of mass destruction ZOMP
  • Zone of radioactive, chemical, bacteriological (biological) contamination - ZRZ, 3X3, ZBZ
  • Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation ZSU
  • Starting line (starting point) - ref. p-f, (out.p.)
  • Kiloton- kt
  • Command vehicle KShM
  • Set- set
  • Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank battalion- kmsb-1, ktb-2
  • Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank company- kmsr-1, ktr-2
  • Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank platoon- kmsv-1, ktv-2
  • Mine-explosive obstacle- Cost center
  • Regiment medical station- WFP
  • Battalion medical station BCH
  • Company medical post MNR
  • Emergency ration- NZ
  • Irreducible stock NSZ
  • Firing position- OP
  • Outskirts env.
  • Poisonous substances (persistent toxic substances, unstable toxic substances) - 0V (COB, NOV)
  • Mark- mark
  • Separate- dep.
  • Forward detachment ON
  • Movable detachment of obstacles POZ
  • Field refueling point - PPP
  • Consistent concentration of fire PSO
  • Enemy- avenue
  • Air defense (anti-tank defense) - Air defense (PTO)
  • Anti-personnel minefield PPMP
  • Anti-tank minefield PTMP
  • Anti-tank reserve PTrez.
  • Radioactive contamination RZ
  • Radioactive substances PB
  • Radiation and chemical reconnaissance RHR
  • Reconnaissance detachment- RO
  • Dividing line clearing lines
  • Radio network (radio direction) - r / s (r / n)
  • District- NS
  • Repair and evacuation group (repair group) - REG (Rem. G)
  • Regulation line (regulation point) - pg per. (p. per.)
  • Collection point for damaged cars SPPM
  • Guard detachment (outpost, outpost) - Art.O (Art.Z, Art.P)
  • North, South, East, West- north., south., east., west.
  • North-west, north-east, west, south-east south-west- north-west, north-east, south-east, south-west.
  • Focused Fire- CO
  • Daily cottage s / d
  • Tactical airborne assault Tact. VD
  • Tank bridgelayer MTU
  • Rear marching outpost - TPZ
  • Communication node mustache
  • Fortified area- SD
  • Chemical observation post KhNP
  • Chemical contamination HZ
  • Chemical weapon- NS
  • Chemical land mine HF
  • Nuclear weapon- YAO
  • Nuclear mine
  • NM Nuclear mine fence- YaMZ

Selected local subjects
Plants, factories and mills with pipes, expressed (1) or not expressed (2) on the scale of the map




Tower-type capital structures
Light towers
Power plants

Transformer booths
Points of the state geodetic network
Aerodromes and hydro aerodromes

Water mills and sawmills
Windmills
Wind turbines

Plants, factories and mills without pipes: 1) expressed in the scale of the map; 2) not expressed in the scale of the map.
Radio stations and television centers
Radio masts and television masts

Fuel warehouses and gas tanks
Stand-alone trees with landmarks: 1) conifers; 2) deciduous
Separate groves with meaningful landmarks

Narrow forest strips and protective forest stands
Narrow shrub strips and hedges
Separate bushes

Communication lines
Mounds, height in meters
Outlier rocks

Power lines on metal or reinforced concrete supports
Pits, depth in meters
Clusters of stones

Power lines on wooden poles
Meteorological stations
Separate stones, height in meters

Onshore oil pipelines and pumping stations
Open pit mining sites
Peat mining

Underground oil pipelines
Churches
Monuments, monuments, mass graves

Stone, brick walls
Dams and shafts
Foresters' houses

Roads


Three-track railways, semaphores and traffic lights, turntables
Highway: 5-width of the covered part, 8-width of the entire road from ditch to ditch in meters, B-coating material

Double track railways and stations
Improved dirt roads (8-carriageway width in meters)

Single track railways, sidings, platforms and stopping points
Dirt roads

Electrified railways: 1) three-track; 2) double-track; 3) single-track
Field and forest roads

Narrow gauge railways and stations on them
Hiking trails

Freeways, embankments
Fascinated sections of roads, gats and rowing

Improved highways, notches
Crossings: 1) under the railway; 2) over the railway; 3) on the same level

Hydrography


Small rivers and streams
The banks are steep: 1) without a beach; 2) with a beach that does not end on the scale of the map

Canals and ditches
Lakes: 1) fresh; 2) salted; 3) bitter-salty

Wooden bridges
Metal bridges
Stone and reinforced concrete bridges
Characteristics of bridges:
K-building material (K-stone, M-metal, RC-reinforced concrete, D-wooden);
8-height above water level (on navigable rivers);
370-length of the bridge,
10-width of the carriageway in meters;
60-tonne lifting capacity

Water edge marks
Arrows showing the direction of the flow of rivers (0.2-flow rate in m / sec.)
Characteristics of rivers and canals: 170-width, 1.7-depth in meters, P-character of the bottom soil
Pier
Brody: 1.2-depth, 180-length in meters, T-nature of the soil, 0.5-current speed in m / s.

Dams: K-material of the structure, 250-length, 8-width of the dam at the top in meters; in the numerator is the mark of the upper water level, in the denominator is the lower
Gateways
Ferries: 195-width of the river, 4x3-dimensions of the ferry in meters, 8-carrying capacity in meters

Ground water pipelines
Wells

Underground water pipes
Sources (keys, springs)

The system of basic conventional signs used in graphic documents of peace and wartime tactical level Part 4 "Motorized rifle battalion" -

The procedure for the formation of a combat graphic document. Fire card of a motorized rifle squad when planning offensive actions. Situation conditions: COMBAT ACTIVITIES. Type of military operations - OFFENSIVE -

SYMBOLS FOR TOPOGRAPHIC PLANS -

In general, when hunting, you also need a certain tactic similar to the one that will be described in this article. And you don't need to buy firearms for hunting, just take a pistol-type ballets and start hunting. In general, it is more convenient and more enjoyable. Also, this kind of crossbow can be used for ordinary sports purposes - target shooting.


Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M .: Rosman. Edited by prof. A.P. Gorkina. 2006 .


See what "conventional signs" are in other dictionaries:

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    conventional signs- sutartiniai ženklai statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Vietovės objektų, kovinės ir meteorologinės situacijos žymėjimo žemėlapiuose ir kt. koviniuose grafiniuose dokumentuose ženklai. Pagal paskirtį jie būna taktiniai, topografiniai ir…… Artilerijos terminų žodynas

    conventional signs- sutartiniai ženklai statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Grafiniai simboliai, kuriais žemėlapiuose reiškiamas jų turinys. Simboliais vaizduojami fiziniai Žemės paviršiaus objektai (jų padėtis, kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai ... ... Ekologijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas

    Symbols- signs used in drawing up plans and diagrams of the scene of the incident and other places of investigation. They are a set of standard topographic signs and designations of objects found in the investigation ... ... Forensic encyclopedia

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Books

  • ,. Symbols for topographic plans. Scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500 Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1973 edition (publishing house `Nedra`). ...
  • Symbols for topographic plans,. Symbols for topographic plans. Scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500 Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1973 edition (Nedra Publishing House ...

Any card has its own special language - special symbols. Geography studies all these designations, classifies them, and also develops new symbols to designate certain objects, phenomena and processes. To have a general understanding of conventional cartographic signs is useful to absolutely everyone. Such knowledge is not only interesting in itself, but will certainly be useful to you in real life.

This article is devoted to conventional signs in geography, which are used in the preparation of topographic, contour, thematic maps and large-scale plans of the area.

ABC cards

Just as our speech consists of letters, words and sentences, so any card includes a set of certain designations. With their help, topographers transfer this or that area onto paper. Geographic symbols are a system of special graphic symbols used to designate specific objects, their properties and characteristics. This is a kind of "language" of the map, created artificially.

It is rather difficult to say when exactly the very first geographical maps appeared. On all continents of the planet, archaeologists find ancient primitive drawings on stones, bones or wood, created by primitive people. So they portrayed the area in which they had to live, hunt and defend themselves from enemies.

Modern conventional signs on geographic maps display all the most important elements of the terrain: landforms, rivers and lakes, fields and forests, settlements, communication routes, country borders, etc. The larger the scale of the image, the more objects can be mapped ... For example, a detailed site plan usually shows all wells and drinking water sources. At the same time, it would be stupid and inappropriate to mark such objects on the map of a region or country.

A bit of history or how the conventional signs of geographical maps have changed

Geography is a science that is unusually closely related to history. Let's delve into it and we to find out what cartographic images looked like many centuries ago.

So, for old medieval maps, artistic transmission of the area was characteristic with the wide use of drawings as conventional signs. Geography at that time was just beginning to develop as a scientific discipline, therefore, when compiling cartographic images, the scale and outlines (boundaries) of areal objects were often distorted.

On the other hand, all the drawings in the old drawings and portolans were individual and completely understandable. But nowadays you have to connect memory in order to learn what these or those conventional signs on geographic maps mean.

From about the second half of the 18th century in European cartography, there was a tendency towards a gradual transition from individual perspective drawings to more specific plan symbols. In parallel with this, a need arose for a more accurate display of distances and areas on geographic maps.

Geography: and topographic maps

Topographic maps and plans of the area differ in rather large scales (from 1: 100000 and more). They are most often used in industry, agriculture, geological exploration, urban planning and tourism. Accordingly, the terrain on such maps should be displayed as detailed and detailed as possible.

For this, a special system of graphic symbols was developed. In geography, it is also often referred to as the "map legend." For ease of reading and ease of memorization, many of these signs resemble the real appearance of the terrain objects depicted by them (from above or from the side). This system of cartographic designations is standardized and mandatory for all enterprises that produce large-scale topographic maps.

The topic "Symbols" is studied in the school course of geography in the 6th grade. To check the level of mastery of a given topic, students are often asked to write a short topographical story. Each of you probably wrote a similar "essay" in school. Sentences with conventional signs in geography look something like the photo below:

All conventions in cartography are usually divided into four groups:

  • large-scale (areal or contour);
  • off-scale;
  • linear;
  • explanatory.

Let's consider in more detail each of these groups of signs.

Scale marks and their examples

In cartography, scale marks are those signs that are used to fill in any areal objects. It can be a field, forest or orchard. With the help of these conventional signs on the map, you can determine not only the type and location of a particular object, but also its real dimensions.

The boundaries of areal objects on topographic maps and terrain plans can be shown as solid lines (black, blue, brown or pink), dotted or simple dashed lines. Examples of large-scale cartographic signs are shown below in the figure:

Out-of-scale signs

If the terrain object cannot be depicted in the real scale of the plan or map, then in this case, off-scale conventional symbols are used. We are talking about too small, maybe, for example, a windmill, a sculptural monument, an outlier rock, a spring or a well.

The exact location of such an object on the ground is determined by the main point of the symbol. For symmetrical signs, this point is located in the center of the figure, for signs with a wide base - in the middle of the base, and for signs based on a right angle - at the apex of such an angle.

It is worth noting that objects expressed on maps with out-of-scale conventional symbols serve as excellent landmarks on the ground. Examples of off-scale cartographic signs are shown in the figure below:

Linear signs

Sometimes the so-called linear cartographic signs are also distinguished into a separate group. It is easy to guess that they are used to designate linearly extended objects on plans and maps - highways, boundaries of administrative units, railways, fords, etc. An interesting feature of linear symbols: their length always corresponds to the scale of the map, but the width is significantly exaggerated.

Examples of linear cartographic signs are shown in the figure below.

Explanatory signs

Perhaps the most informative is the group of explanatory symbols. With their help, additional characteristics of the depicted terrain objects are indicated. For example, a blue arrow in a river bed indicates the direction of its flow, and the number of cross-strokes on a railroad symbol corresponds to the number of tracks.

On maps and plans, as a rule, the names of cities, towns, villages, mountain peaks, rivers and other geographical objects are signed. Explanatory symbols can be numeric or alphabetic. Letter designations are most often given in an abbreviated form (for example, a ferry crossing is indicated by the abbreviation "par.").

Legend for contour and thematic maps

A contour map is a special kind of geographic map designed for educational purposes. It contains only a coordinate grid and some elements of the geographic base.

The set of conventional symbols for contour maps in geography is not very wide. The very name of these maps is quite eloquent: for their compilation, only outline designations of the boundaries of certain objects - countries, regions and regions - are used. Sometimes rivers and large cities are also plotted on them (in the form of dots). By and large, a contour map is a "dumb" map, which is just intended to fill its surface with certain conventional signs.

Thematic maps are most often found in geography atlases. Symbols of such maps are extremely varied. They can be depicted in the form of a color background, areas or so-called isolines. Diagrams and cartograms are often used. In general, each type of thematic map has its own set of specific symbols.