Opening moves in chess. Open openings in chess. Spanish Party, Berlin Defense

Not all of us are capable of boasting the ability to play chess. Many, starting the game, only know the initial positions of the pieces and how they can move around the board. But you know, this is probably the most interesting game. You don't know where the next move will lead you and who will win. Everyone who is far from the world of chess will ask - what, you can know your moves in advance and predict your opponent's actions in advance? Do not be surprised, this is indeed the case. Chess openings, strategies in which moves are calculated in advance, became an assistant in this calculation.

And chess openings appeared more than two centuries ago, although it was in the 19th century that they were art - it was then that chess occupied an honorable role, and more attention was paid to the game - all kinds of championships held than in the modern world. Then the masters of the game created strategies that allow you to finish the game with minimal losses. Playing even on a foreign field. In general, before the advent of computers, the game could be calculated by five moves. Well, at least ten. What have computers changed, you ask? Yes, a lot. Thanks to its ability to calculate complex algorithms, the computer has made it possible to create such chess openings in which the moves will be calculated as much as twenty moves. It's a predictable game, isn't it? Unfortunately, the use of automatic calculations has led to the fact that the game has become mechanical - you see and know how your opponent will act and you know how you should act. Beauty and admiration are gone - just complicated calculations in my head.

But beginners simply have to know the basic chess openings - without this, they are simply not of interest to the second player on the board, if he possesses at least some skills. And in order to remember some kind of opening, it must be applied in practice as often as possible, for example, when playing. Yes, you can teach chess - hammer the basic positions into your head and now you are a completely successful player. By the way, many people use it successfully. For example, it is very common for a professional to play with a beginner and the latter, within the limits of his knowledge, is very confident. True, more often than not, this confidence leaves him as soon as his native pieces go beyond the allotted half of the board.

But you know, now it is pointless to talk about chess openings, about their purpose and usefulness - they already exist, they are popular. So if you really want to learn how to play chess, you just have to learn it. And remember some - believe me, they will come in handy on the board.

difficulty: ★

The opening, that is, the first 10-15 moves, is a very important stage in a chess game. A successful start is a guarantee of victory, and vice versa. An analogy can be drawn with a tennis serve. A good first hit allows you to seize the initiative in a point, or even win it right away. A clumsy serve with an idea just to somehow bring the ball into play - into the hands of an experienced opponent.

Let us formulate the basic principles of how to play debut and what to do at the beginning of the game is not recommended.

1) Fight for the center.

From the center, the shapes are the shortest path to any part of the board. Whoever owns the center, as a rule, has the advantage. The possession of the center means the arrangement of the pieces and pawns in the squares c3, c6, f6, f3 and especially the control over the central squares e4, e5, d4, d5. In some openings, one of the sides voluntarily gives up the center first, especially when playing with black. Example - King's Indian Defense... But even there this is a temporary phenomenon, followed by an active counter-attack of the center.

2) Develop all the shapes. Do not walk with the same piece several times.

At the end of the opening, all your pieces should ideally be in active positions, ready for battle. As Grandmaster and theorist of the past Siegbert Tarrasch said, if even one piece is bad, then the whole game is bad. For this reason, you should not move the same piece several times in the opening, because while one piece is playing, the rest are inactive, inactive. Also, one should not engage in dubious material conquests, for example, try to win the outer pawns. The time spent on capturing them is again the time taken away from other pieces that are gathering dust in the starting position. The initiative of an opponent with an advantage in development can be much more important. Don't believe me? Defend black's position, for example, in king's gambit.

3) Develop light figures first, and then heavy ones.

First, it is better to move the knights and bishops, and only then the queen and rooks. The fact is that a valuable piece alone will not be able to do anything anyway, it will only have to retreat under the blows of the enemy's minor pieces. You can read what the early introduction of the queen into the game can lead to in the article how to put a baby mat .

4) Castling.

Castling allows you to hide the king in a relatively safe place. In addition, the rook is brought into play. If the king is delayed in the center, it is always a signal to attack the opponent.

5) Interfere with your opponent if possible.

Your task, of course, is not only to develop the pieces yourself well, but also to prevent your opponent from doing this with comfort, to seize the initiative in the game. This is especially true in the game with white pieces, because they make the first move. Black's task at first is to equalize the game, to neutralize the advantage of the first move.

Of course, these are only rough guidelines. There is no unambiguous algorithm for how to play the opening. But for a beginner, it's best to stick to these simple rules and not try to reinvent the wheel.

Let's see how the described principles are implemented using an example. the italian party.

White moves two squares with his central pawn, immediately occupying the center. In addition, the diagonals for bishop f1 and queen d1 open.

1. ... e5

Black answers symmetrically, guided by the same considerations.

White develops the knight, simultaneously attacking the e5-pawn.

2. ... Kc6

Black develops his knight to defend a pawn.

3. Сс4 Сс5

White and black bring the bishops to the center to active positions, aiming at points f7 and f2, which are protected only by kings.

On the board is the starting position of the opening, which is called italian party.

The most important thing in chess is to play the opening correctly - the chess opening, which lasts from 3 to 25 moves. The further plans of both sides will depend on how to play the beginning of the chess game. This category was created to collect the entire encyclopedia of chess openings into a single whole, now you can always look at our website and remember the order of moves in a particular opening.

Hirsch Silberschmidt- non-German chess player of the first half of the 19th century. Convicted in a political case, he spent 15 years in a Braunschweig prison, during which he deeply studied the theory of openings and then in 1826 published a book, which was reprinted twice. The debut is so sharp that I called it “just skates”.

1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.Ne5 Qh4 + 6.Kf1 Nh6

The Russian international master Fyodor Duz-Khotimirsky, who often used this system at the beginning of the 20th century, wrote in the book of selected parties: “For the first time this name was pronounced by me in Kiev in 1902. Carried away by astronomy, studying the starry sky, I noticed the external similarity of the outlines of the Dracon constellation with the configuration of pawns d6, e7, f7, g6, h7 in the Sicilian defense.

1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Bc4 cxb2 5.Bxb2

The Danish or Northern Gambit originated in Denmark. For two pawns, White gets a lead in development and good plans for attacking the kingside.

1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.d4

The gambit was named after the Indian chess player who published the analysis of the variant in his book (Madras, 1826).

1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 Bg7 5.h4

François-André Danican nicknamed Philidor (1726 1795), an outstanding French master, the strongest chess player in the world in the second half of the 18th century. Musician, composer, creator of the French comic opera. The positional principles developed by Philidor largely contributed to the transformation of chess from a game based on random and spontaneous actions into a coherent logical system. His Analysis of the Game of Chess (first edition London, 1749) has been translated into many languages, formulating the beginnings of modern chess strategy.

The oldest openings are open. Until the end of the 19th century, they were the most commonly used principles. The sharp combinational struggle inherent in these openings attracted chess players of that time.

The most active move of the beginning of the game is 1.e2-e4. After Black responds 1.… e7 – e5, the game begins with an open opening.

Beginning chess players should not learn and apply a variety of opening systems at the same time. There is little benefit from rote learning options. You should limit your choice to two or three openings for white and for black. The study of openings should start from sharp beginnings: the king's gambit, the Italian game, the defense of two knights - this develops combinational abilities and helps to better understand the basics of more complex positional openings, such as the Spanish game.

An important principle in chess is the connection between the opening and the middlegame. One of the main problems in all openings is the connection of heavy pieces. The opening stage can be considered complete when there are no pieces left between the rooks, either our own or the enemy's.

It is necessary to evaluate the position after the completion of the opening according to several indicators:

• material ratio;
• type of advantage - positional or material;
• position of kings;
• the presence of open lines and diagonals, good and bad pieces, weak points.

The correct plan for the further game is chosen taking into account these factors. With a material advantage, you can strive for simplifications, in the absence of it, on the contrary, you need to sharpen the game. In case of a positional advantage, one should accumulate an advantage, and not simplify the position. The position of the kings determines the plan: attack or defend. The division of figures into good and bad is determined by the number of fields that they control. A good piece must be protected from exchange, a bad one - it is profitable to exchange.

Popular open debuts

King's Gambit: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.f2-f4.

A sharp and difficult start. With the help of sacrifices, White tries to achieve superiority in development and to clear lines for an attack on the kingside as soon as possible. The gambit was especially popular in the 19th century.

Bishop opening: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Bf1-c4.

The oldest beginning. It is rare in modern tournament practice, since Black has enough room to equalize the game.

Vienna game: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Kb1-c3.

The opening was developed by Viennese chess players in the middle of the 19th century. White strengthens the e4-pawn, preventing the d7-d5 counterattack, and intends to attack the opponent with f2-f4. A certain delay in the dynamics of the game allows Black to organize counter actions.

Italian game: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Kg1-f3 Kb8-c6 3.Cf1-c4 Cf8-c5.

Analyzes of the early Italian masters appeared as early as the 16th century. White's goal is to form a strong pawn center and create threats to the weak f7-point. Successful ways of combating these plans have been found for Black.

Evans Gambit: 1. e2 – e4 e7-e5 2. Kg1-f3 Kb8-c6 3. Cf1-c4 Cf8-c5 4. b2-b4.

The idea of ​​sacrificing a pawn to gain tempo in order to capture the center belongs to the English chess player D. Evans. Black's main method of struggle is to accept the gambit pawn in order to return it at the right moment to complete the development.

Defense of two knights: 1. e2-e4 e7-e5 2. Kg1 – f3 Kb8-c6 3. Cf1-c4 Kg8-f6.

A well-known debut in the 16th century. Black tries to seize the initiative by attacking the e4-pawn, without stopping at sacrifices in many lines.

Opening of four knights: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Kg1-f3 Kb8-c6 3.Kb1-c3 Kg8-f6.

An ancient debut, known since the 16th century. White continues to fight for the center, but he does it less persistently than in the Spanish game. In some variants, quick simplifications of the game are possible.

Philidor's Defense 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Kg1-f3 d7-d6.

Russian game: 1. e2-e4 e7-e5 2. Kg1-f3 Kg8 – f6.

The strategic idea of ​​the opening is that Black continues to develop without defending the attacked e5-pawn. Symmetrical variations often appear with a slight positional advantage for White. Black's potential opportunities make it difficult to play with good counter-chances.

Central opening 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.d2-d4 e5: d4 3. Qd1: d4.

The debut was quite popular in the 19th century. With the queen move, White gives Black an extra tempo by developing the knight on c6. However, Black must play carefully to prevent a possible attack in the center or on the kingside.

Northern Gambit: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.d2-d4 e5: d4 3.c2-c3.

White, regardless of material losses, is trying to firmly seize the initiative. When trying to hold on to material advantage by any means, Black can easily come under attack.

Scottish game: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Kg1-f3 Kb8-c6 3.d2-d4.

Idea 3.d4 is to try to gain an advantage in the center. In a lively piece struggle, Black has equal opportunities.

Scottish Gambit: 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Kg1-f3 Kb8-c6 3.d2-d4 e5: d4 4.Cf1-c4.

Mastering chess is a long process that can take several years, but you don't have to be a great chess player to win in almost every game, you just need to understand the mechanics of the game. By learning to recognize certain moves and read your opponent, you can effectively defend your king, attack your opponent's king, and emerge victorious in almost every game.

It is assumed that you are already familiar with the basic rules of the game of chess. If you have just started acquaintance with the game,

Steps

Part 1

Game level: beginner

Understand the value of each piece and defend them accordingly. It is clear that the king is the most important piece on the board, because its loss leads to a defeat in the game. Regardless, the rest of the pieces should not be considered useless cannon fodder. According to the mathematics and geometry of the chessboard, some pieces are more valuable than others. Remember this when you pick up other people's pieces. For example, you shouldn't put your most valuable rook at risk just to get rid of your opponent's knight.

Understand the goals of a good debut. The opening is the first few moves in the game that determine your overall strategy and the placement of your pieces for the entire game. The goal of the initial moves is to deploy (move away from the initial squares) as many strong pieces as possible. There are a few key points to keep in mind for a good start:

• Move your pawns to the center of the board to open the way for stronger pieces.
• Your opening will also depend on whether you play with black or white pieces. Since White is the first to move, you should play aggressively and not let the initiative go to your opponent. Black, on the other hand, needs to organize his defense, waiting for White to come under attack.
• Never move one piece two moves in a row, unless it is in danger of being swept off the board. The more pieces you can move, the more moves your opponent will need to counter.
• With all this in mind, check out the list of openings made by grandmasters in chess tournaments.

1. Think ahead about your strategy 4-5 moves ahead, making each move part of a more sophisticated attack. To win chess, you must constantly think several steps ahead, preparing extensive and complex attacks in order to outwit your opponent. Your first move determines all subsequent play and leads to the first attack or control of certain areas of the board. The best way to learn to plan ahead is to practice a few common openings:

   Play a 4-Move Baby Mate to win the game instantly. The problem is that this strategy will only work once, as an experienced player will reveal your plan and take the king away from the blow. Regardless, the baby mat is a great way to catch a newbie off guard and quickly win the game.

   Control the center of the board to control the game. During a game of chess, your main task is to control the center of the board, especially with regard to the four squares in the middle. This is because you can attack in any direction from there, allowing you to control the pace and flow of the game. A knight, for example, has 8 potential moves from the center of the board, and only 1–2 at the edges of the board. There are two main ways to gain control over the center:

   • You can anchor in the center of the board by slowly moving a few pieces there. Let the knights and bishops stand at the edges and play the role of support, there they will be able to attack the opponent's pieces in case of an attack. This unhurried development of events is used most often.
   • Flanking, however, is a more modern style of play in which control of the center is carried out at the edges of the board. Your rooks, queen and knights rise along the edges of the board, thereby preventing your opponent from capturing the center for free.

2. Develop one shape at a time. Having finished with the debut, we proceed to the deployment of battle formations. You should move all of your shapes out of the starting boxes, moving them to places that are more efficient for them.

   • If you can, move the pieces one by one. Do not move the same piece twice in a row, unless, of course, you need to take it away from the blow or ruffle the opponent's forces.
   • Moving all the shapes is also optional. Pushing all the pawns will not help you win, as it will violate the key line of defense that protects your king.

3. Learn to castling. Castling is a special move in which the king "jumps" over the rook, which takes on the role of a wall against the coming attack and which is guarded by the pawns placed above it. This is an extremely effective defense tactic, especially for newcomers to chess. You will need to do the following:

   Do not neglect the exchange of pieces. Feel free to exchange pieces if, as a result, you find yourself with a material advantage, for example, sacrificing a knight for the sake of obtaining an enemy queen. When the pieces are more or less equal, the exchange process becomes rather confusing. In short, you shouldn't go for an exchange when:

   Think over your strategy 5-6 moves ahead. Difficult as it is, you have to make long-term plans to win games regularly. Each piece move should have three main goals. Keeping these moments in mind, you will soon be able to calculate multiple moves on the go to win the game:

   Use your advantage to the maximum, do not rush headlong into the attack. The rhythm of the game is what matters in chess, so keep it as long as possible. If your opponent only reacts to your actions and constantly removes the pieces from under the blow, not being able to counterattack, continue to slowly reduce the number of his pieces. Remember that winning a battle does not guarantee you winning a war. Don't let your opponent counter your moves. Instead, interrupt his defensive pieces, grab the center of the board, and then wait for the moment for a devastating attack.

   Learn to bond. Binding is an attack in which an enemy piece is driven into a dead end or taken hostage, restraining an opponent from using it effectively at the risk of losing it. This passive type of warfare is great for controlling the flow of the game and defeating the enemy. First, analyze the options for moving the shape. Pay special attention to pieces with a limited set of moves. Then position your pieces to attack the tied piece wherever it moves, effectively rendering it useless for a while.

   Objectively evaluate each move. You must think on a board-wide scale, analyzing every move available to you. Don't make a move just because it's your turn, take your time and try to find the best move available. Of course, it all depends on the situation, but you can ask yourself a couple of questions before each move to understand if you are doing the right thing:

   Get rid of enemy pieces with a united front. You need to maintain control of the center while attacking as a whole. Your figures are like parts of an orchestra - they all serve a unique purpose, but work best together. By eliminating the opponent's pieces, you will increase your chances of bypassing the king's defense, and by organizing 2-3 support groups, you will provide a material advantage.

   Defend your queen at all stages of the game with your bishop and rook. The queen is considered the strongest piece on the board for a reason, so do not rush to exchange it for another opponent's piece, even for another queen, such a move is rarely justified. The queen is your most versatile attacking piece, use it as directed. Protect and support your queen at all times, as most players are ready to sacrifice almost any piece (except their own queen) in order to get rid of it.

   Don't surround your bishops with pawns. Bishops attack from long range, and it is imperative to use both of them to control the board, especially in the early stages of the game. You can study many opening moves, but their main purpose is to bring your strong pieces into the open.

Part 3

Game level: advanced

Think over the course of the game from start to finish. A game of chess basically has three stages, which are closely related. The best chess players in the world plan their game 10-12 moves ahead, while developing 3-4 strategies based on the opponent's moves. They know that the moves and pieces spent early on will have a profound effect on the final stage of the game and plan their actions accordingly.

• Debut: this is where the tone of the game is set. In the first 4–5 moves, there is an accelerated mobilization of many pieces and a fight for the center of the board begins. You can go on the offensive, transferring the battle to the side of the enemy, or go on the defensive, waiting for the enemy to take the first step.
• Mittelgame: his only goal is to prepare for the endgame. At this stage, the pieces are exchanged, control over the center of the board and 1-2 lines of attack are set up, which can start moving at any moment. An exchange, of course, can be beneficial, but you must understand that with every piece you lose, your chances of winning also diminish.
• Endgame: the stage when there are very few pieces left on the board, and their value increases markedly. It may seem to you that it is in the endgame that the main confrontation will unfold, but in fact most of the work has already been done. The player who “won” the middlegame and was left with the best material will easily finish the game with checkmate.

1. By the end of the game, bishops are much more useful than knights. At the beginning of the game, bishops and knights are approximately equal in strength. However, by the end of the game the bishops will move on the empty board many times faster than the still slow knights. Remember this when exchanging pieces - if in the short term the bishop is not super useful, then already at the last stage of the game it becomes one of the most valuable pieces.

   Use the numerical advantage of pawns on an empty board. Pawns only seem useless, but by the end of the game they become key pieces. They can support strong pieces, move up the board, unnerving the opponent, and are also an ideal shield for the king. However, this advantage can be missed if you start doubling them at the beginning of the game (two pawns on the same vertical line). Keep your pawns close so they can cover each other. When there are very few pieces left on the board, a rapid advance to turn a pawn into a queen can decide the outcome of the game.

   Know when to snatch a draw. If you have wasted most of the material and are sure that you have not the slightest chance to checkmate with the remaining pieces, it is worth considering recognizing a draw. In official chess matches, it is important not to miss the moment when you have lost your chance to win (you have a king, a pawn, and possibly 1–2 other pieces, you are cornered, and so on), and bring the game to a draw. There are several ways to close the difference in strength and snatch a draw, even when it seems hopeless:

2. Practice solving chess problems at your leisure. You can significantly improve your skills without playing a single game. Chess problems are situations where you are required to checkmate in 1 or 2 moves. Practice hundreds of such problems from books or on the Internet, and over time you will master great formations and unexpectedly sneaky types of attacks. Despite the fact that you will hardly ever see such an alignment of forces on the board, chess problems develop your ability to see all potential angles of attack and how to place pieces effectively.

   • Look for sets of problems on the Internet or grab a book on chess strategies from the library, they will definitely contain examples of problems.

• Play confidently with a winning mindset.
• Don't stop practicing and don't give up the pieces out of stupidity.
• Go on the offensive in groups. If you have to move away from the group to attack, make a plan to regroup your forces.
• Some computer chess games have hints that you can use. These tips can come in handy in official matches.
• When you're ready, take part in a tournament or play at a chess club. This can improve your skills and provide an official chess rating.
• Remember the meaning of each piece and plan your play accordingly. For example, a rook is worth five points, while a bishop is only three. You can gain an advantage if you sacrifice your bishop to neutralize your opponent's rook.
• Before moving a piece, think over your move in detail.

Warnings

• Don't use cheap tricks like the four-way checkmate. If your opponent knows about them, you will almost certainly lose.
• It's okay if you don't win! It takes a lot of practice to become a pro!
• Do not rush to pick up the "free" pieces. Perhaps your opponent sacrificed this piece in order to exchange it for a stronger piece of yours or to perform a red herring.
• Don't risk your queen - it's the most valuable piece on the board!

What do you need

• People to play with or a computer program
• Chess board and pieces
• Remote or local tutor to hone your skills (optional)
, Italiano: Vincere quasi Semper a Scacchi, Português: Vencer Quase Semper no Xadrez, العربية: الفوز في كل لعبة شطرنج تلعبها , Tiếng Việt: Thường xuyên thắng cờ vua, Nederlands: Bijna elke keer een schaakpartij winnen, Bahasa Indonesia: Memenangkan Sebagian Besar Permainan Catur

This page has been viewed 395,867 times.

Was this helpful?