2 persons associated with the copper riot. Copper riot: causes, events, consequences. Copper Riot Events

Reasons for the riot

In the 17th century, the Moscow state did not have its own gold and silver mines, and precious metals were imported from abroad. On Money yard from foreign coins minted Russian coins: kopecks, money and polushki (half money).

Counterfeiters case

The financial situation in the country led to the flourishing of counterfeiting

The development and course of the riot

The common people were outraged by the boyars' impunity. On July 25 (August 4), 1662, at the Lubyanka, sheets were found with accusations against Prince ID Miloslavsky, several members of the Boyar Duma and a wealthy guest Vasily Shorin. They were accused of secret relations with the Commonwealth, which had no basis whatsoever. But disgruntled people needed a reason. It is significant that the same people who were accused of abuses during the Salt Riot became the object of universal hatred, and just like fourteen years ago, the crowd attacked and destroyed the house of the guest Shorin, who was collecting "fifth money" throughout the state. Several thousand people went to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who was in his country palace in the village of Kolomenskoye. The unexpected appearance of the rebels caught the king by surprise, he was forced to go out to the people. He was given a petition, demanding a reduction in prices and taxes, and punishment of those responsible. Under the pressure of circumstances, Alexei Mikhailovich gave his word to investigate the case, after which the calmed down mass of people, believing the promises, turned back.

Another crowd of many thousands was moving towards us from Moscow, in a much more belligerent mood. Small traders, butchers, bread bakers, cakes, village people again surrounded the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich and this time they did not ask, but demanded that the traitors be handed over to them for reprisals, threatening “if he will not give those boyars good, and they will learn from him themselves , according to their custom. " However, in Kolomenskoye, archers and soldiers have already appeared, sent by the boyars to the rescue. After refusing to disperse, the order was given to use force. The unarmed crowd was driven into the river, up to a thousand people were killed, hanged, drowned in the Moscow River, several thousand were arrested and exiled after the investigation.

G.K. Kotoshikhin describes the bloody finale of the copper riot as follows:

“And on that very day, about 150 people were hanged near that village, and the rest were ordered to order, they tortured and burned them, and, in search of guilt, they cut off the hands and feet and at the hands and feet of the fingers, and beat others with a whip, and put them on their faces. on the right side signs, lighting the iron on red, and put on that iron "beeches", that is, a rebel, so that he would be recognized forever; and punishing them, they sent everyone to distant cities, to Kazan, and to Astarakhan, and to Terki, and to Siberia, for eternal life ... courts, sunk the river in Moscow. "

The search in connection with the copper riot was unprecedented. All literate Muscovites were forced to give samples of their handwriting in order to compare them with the thieves' sheets, which served as a signal for indignation. However, the instigators were never found.

results

Copper riot was the performance of the urban lower classes. It was attended by artisans, butchers, pastries, peasants of suburban villages. Of the guests and merchants, "not a single person stuck to those thieves, they even helped those thieves, and they received praise from the tsar." Despite the ruthless suppression of the riot, it did not go unnoticed. In 1663, according to the tsar's decree of the copper business, the courtyards in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and minting of silver coins was resumed in Moscow. The salaries of all ranks to service people again began to be paid in silver money. Copper money was withdrawn from circulation, private individuals were ordered to melt it down for boilers or bring it to the treasury, where they paid 10 for each ruble handed over, and later even less - 2 money in silver. According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, "The Treasury acted like a real bankrupt, paid creditors 5 kopecks or even 1 kopeck per ruble."

see also

Notes (edit)

Literature

• Buganov V.I. Copper riot. Moscow "rebels" of 1662 // Prometheus. - M .: Molodaya gvardiya, 1968. - T. 5. - (historical and biographical almanac of the series "Life of Remarkable People").
• The uprising of 1662 in Moscow: Sat. doc. M., 1964.
• Moscow uprisings 1648, 1662 // Soviet military encyclopedia / ed. N.V. Ogarkova. - M .: Military Publishing, 1978 .-- T. 5. - 686 p. - (in 8 t). - 105,000 copies

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See what "Copper Riot" is in other dictionaries:

- (Moscow uprising 1662), an anti-government demonstration by Muscovites on July 25, 1662, caused by the disruption of economic life during the years of the wars of Russia with Poland and Sweden, an increase in taxes, the release of devalued copper money. Since 1654 ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The uprising of the urban lower classes that took place in Moscow in 1662 against the issue of copper kopecks, which from 1655 were minted to replace silver coins. The issuance of copper money led to their depreciation in comparison with silver. A year after the riot ... ... Financial vocabulary

Accepted in the literature, the name of the uprising of the lower and middle strata of the inhabitants of Moscow, archers, soldiers (25.7.1662). Caused by the increase in taxes during the Russian-Polish war of 1654 67 and the release of devalued copper money. Some of the rebels went to the village of Kolome ... Modern encyclopedia

The uprising of the urban lower classes that took place in Moscow in 1662 Against the release of copper kopecks, which from 1655 were minted in Russian monetary yards to replace silver ones. The issuance of copper money led to their depreciation in comparison with silver. Across… … Economic Dictionary

Copper Riot, accepted in the historical literature, the name of the speech in Moscow on 25.7.1662 representatives of the lower and middle strata of the townspeople, archers, soldiers. Caused by the increase in taxes during the Russian-Polish war of 1654 67 and the release of devalued ... ... Russian history

"Copper Riot"- "Copper Riot", accepted in the literature the name of the uprising of the lower and middle strata of the inhabitants of Moscow, streltsy, soldiers (25.7.1662). Caused by the increase in taxes during the Russian-Polish war of 1654 67 and the release of devalued copper money. Some of the rebels went ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- ("Copper revolt") the name of the Moscow uprising of 1662 (See Moscow uprising of 1662), adopted in Russian noble and bourgeois historiography ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"SALT RIP"

The "salt" revolt, which began in Moscow on June 1, 1648, was one of the most powerful demonstrations of Muscovites in defense of their rights.

Streltsy, serfs - in a word, those people who had reasons to be dissatisfied with the government's policy took part in the "salt" revolt.

The riot began, it would seem, with a trifle. Returning from the pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the young Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was covered with petitioners who asked the Tsar to remove from his post the head of the Zemsky Prikaz L.S. Pleshcheev, motivating this desire with the injustice of Leonty Stepanovich: the fact that he took bribes, performed an unfair trial, but no retaliatory actions took place on the part of the sovereign. Then the complainants decided to turn to the queen, but this also did not work: the guards dispersed the people. Some were arrested.

The next day, the tsar staged a procession with the cross, but even then complainants appeared demanding the release of those arrested on the first number of petitioners and still resolve the issue of cases of bribery. The tsar asked for clarification on this matter from his "uncle" and relative - boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov. After listening to the explanations, the king promised the petitioners to resolve this issue. Hiding in the palace, the tsar sent four ambassadors for negotiations: Prince Volkonsky, clerk Volosheinov, Prince Temkin-Rostov, and Pushkin's roundabout.

But this measure did not turn out to be a solution to the issue, since the ambassadors behaved extremely arrogantly, which greatly angered the petitioners. The next unpleasant fact was the withdrawal from the subordination of the archers. Due to the arrogance of the ambassadors, the archers beat up the boyars sent for negotiations.

On the next day of the riot, forced people joined the tsarist disobedient people. They demanded the extradition of the boyars-bribe-takers: B. Morozov, L. Pleshcheev, P. Trakhanionov, N. Chisty.

These officials, relying on the power of I.D. Miloslavsky, oppressed Muscovites. They "performed an unjust trial", took bribes. Having occupied the main places in the administrative apparatus, they had complete freedom of action. By incriminating common people, they ruined them. On the third day of the "salt" revolt, about seventy households of especially hated nobles were defeated by the "mob". One of the boyars (Nazariy Chistoy), the initiator of the imposition of a huge tax on salt, was beaten and chopped to pieces by the "rabble".

After this incident, the tsar was forced to turn to the clergy and opposition to the Morozov court clique. A new deputation of boyars was sent, headed by Nikita Ivanovich Romanov, a relative of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Residents of the city expressed a desire that Nikita Ivanovich began to rule with Alexei Mikhailovich (I must say that Nikita Ivanovich Romanov enjoyed confidence among Muscovites). As a result, there was an agreement on the extradition of Pleshcheev and Trakhanionov, whom the tsar, at the very beginning of the revolt, appointed governor to one of the provincial towns. The situation was different with Pleshcheyev: he was executed on the same day in Red Square and his head was handed over to the crowd.

After that, a fire broke out in Moscow, as a result of which half of Moscow burned out. They said that the fire was started by Morozov's people in order to distract the people from the riot. Demands continued for the extradition of Trakhanionov; the authorities decided to sacrifice it just to end the rebellion. The archers were sent to the city where Trakhanionov himself ruled. On June 4, one thousand six hundred and forty-eight, the boyar was also executed. Now the rioters' eyes were riveted on by Boyar Morozov. But the tsar decided not to sacrifice such a "valuable" person and Morozov was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery in order to return it as soon as the revolt subsides, but the boyar will be so frightened by the revolt that he will never take an active part in state affairs.

In an atmosphere of rebellion, the top of the posad, the lower strata of the nobility, sent a petition to the tsar, in which they demanded the regulation of the proceedings, the development of new laws.

As a result of the petition, the authorities made concessions: the shooters were given eight rubles each, the debtors were freed from beating the money out by beating, and the judges who were stealing were replaced. Subsequently, the revolt began to subside, but the rebels did not get away with everything: the instigators of the revolt among the slaves were executed.

On July 16, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, which decided to adopt a number of new laws. In January one thousand six hundred and forty-nine, the Cathedral Code was approved.

Here is the result of the "salt" revolt: the truth triumphed, the people's offenders were punished and, to top it all off, the Sobornoye Ulozhenie was adopted, which was designed to facilitate the people's lot and rid the administrative apparatus of corruption.

Before and after the Salt Riot, uprisings broke out in more than 30 cities of the country: in the same 1648 in Ustyug, Kursk, Voronezh, in 1650 - “grain riots” in Novgorod and Pskov.

"Copper Riot"

The Moscow uprising of 1662 ("The Copper Riot") was caused by a financial catastrophe in the state and the difficult economic situation of the working masses in town and country as a result of a sharp increase in tax oppression during the wars of Russia with Poland and Sweden. The massive release of copper money by the government (since 1654), equal to the value of silver money, and their significant depreciation to silver (in 1662, 6-8 times) led to a sharp rise in the price of food, huge speculation, abuse and mass counterfeiting of copper coins ( in which individual representatives of the central administration were implicated).

In many cities (especially in Moscow) famine broke out among the bulk of the townspeople (despite good harvests in previous years). Great dissatisfaction was also caused by the government's decision on a new, extremely difficult, extraordinary tax collection (pyatina). The active participants in the "copper" revolt were representatives of the urban lower classes of the capital, and peasants from the villages near Moscow.

The uprising broke out in the early morning of July 25, when leaflets appeared in many districts of Moscow, in which the most prominent government leaders (I.D.Miloslavsky; I.M. Miloslavsky; I.A.Miloslavsky; B.M. Khitrovo; F.M. Rtischev ) were declared traitors. Crowds of rebels went to Red Square, and from there to the village. Kolomenskoye, where Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was. The rebels (4-5 thousand people, mostly townspeople and soldiers) surrounded the royal residence, handed over their petition to the king, insisting on the extradition of the persons indicated in the leaflets, as well as on a sharp reduction in taxes, food prices, etc.

Taken by surprise, the tsar, who had about 1,000 armed courtiers and archers, did not dare to take punishment, promising the rebels to investigate and punish those responsible. The rebels turned to Moscow, where, after the departure of the first group of rebels, a second was formed and the defeat of the courts of large merchants began. On the same day, both groups united, arrived in the village. Kolomenskoye, again surrounded the royal palace and resolutely demanded the extradition of the leaders of the government, threatening to execute them without the Tsar's sanction.

At this time in Moscow, after the departure of the second group of rebels in the village. By order of the tsar, the authorities, with the help of the archers, went over to active punitive actions, and 3 rifle and 2 soldier regiments (up to 8 thousand people) were already pulled into Kolomenskoye. After the insurgents refused to disperse, the beating of mostly unarmed people began. In the course of the massacre and subsequent executions, about 1 thousand people were killed, drowned, hanged and executed, up to 1.5-2 thousand insurgents were exiled (with families of up to 8 thousand people).

On June 11, 1663, the tsar's decree was followed on the closure of the courts of the "monetary copper business" and the return to the minting of silver coins. Copper money was bought from the population in a short time - within a month. For one silver kopeck, they took a ruble in copper money. Trying to take advantage of the copper kopecks, the population began to cover them with a layer of mercury or silver, presenting them as silver money. This trick was soon noticed, and a royal decree appeared prohibiting the tinning of copper money.

So, the attempt to improve the Russian monetary system ended in complete collapse and led to the disorder of monetary circulation, riots and general impoverishment. Neither the introduction of a system of large and small denominations, nor an attempt to replace expensive raw materials for minting money with cheaper ones, succeeded.

Russian money circulation returned to the traditional silver coin. And the time of Alexei Mikhailovich was called "rebellious" by his contemporaries.

The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Quiet was marked by many riots and uprisings, because of which these years are called the "rebellious age." The most striking of them were the copper and salt riots.

Copper Riot of 1662 year was the result of people's dissatisfaction with the increase in taxes and the unsuccessful policy of the first tsars of the Romanov dynasty. At that time, precious metals were brought from abroad, since there were no mines of their own in Russia. This was the period of the Russian-Polish war, which required huge amount new funds that the state did not have. Then they began to issue copper coins at the price of silver ones. Moreover, the salary was given in copper money, and taxes were collected in silver. But the new money was not backed by anything, so it depreciated very quickly, and prices rose along with it.

This, of course, caused discontent among the masses, and as a result - an uprising, which in the annals of Russia is designated as a "copper revolt". This revolt, of course, was suppressed, but the copper coins were gradually canceled and melted down. The minting of silver money was resumed.

Salt riot.

The reasons for the salt riot are also very simple. The country's plight during the reign of Boyar Morozov provoked discontent among various sectors of society, which demanded global changes in public policy. Instead, the government imposed a duty on popular household goods, including salt, the price of which has risen too much. And since it was the only preservative at that time, people were not ready to buy it for 2 hryvnia instead of the old 5 kopecks.

The salt riot occurred in 1648 after an unsuccessful visit of a delegation from the people with a petition to the king. Boyarin Morozov decided to disperse the crowd, but the people were determined and resisted. After another unsuccessful attempt to get to the king with a petition, people raised an uprising, which was also suppressed, but did not pass without a trace.

• boyar Morozov was removed from power,
• the king independently decided the main political issues,
• the government gave the archers a double salary,
• repressions were carried out against active rebels,
• the biggest activists of the riot were executed.

Despite attempts to change something through uprisings, the peasants have achieved little. Although some changes were made to the system, taxation did not stop and the abuse of power did not diminish.

Copper riot- a historical event that took place in Moscow on July 25 (August 4) in 1662, where a fairly large uprising of the urban lower classes took place due to copper coins not provided with precious metal.

Reasons for the start of the riot

In the Moscow state in the 17th century, precious metals were imported into the country from abroad, since then there were no silver and gold mines of their own. Therefore, in the Monetary yard, Russian coins were minted from foreign coins, which means that more money was spent on this than making new coins from our own metal. Then the following coins were issued: a penny, money and a half, which was half.

However, the protracted war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over Ukraine demanded simply colossal expenses. AL Ordin-Nashchokin suggested a way out of this situation. He put forward the idea of ​​issuing copper money at the price of silver. But at the same time taxes from the population were collected in silver, but the salary was issued in copper coins.

Of course, at first the copper coin went at the same cost as the silver one, but this could not last long, and after a short period of time, when the issue of unsecured copper money began to grow, it became much more expensive than copper. For example, in Novgorod and Pskov for 6 rubles in silver they gave as much as 170 rubles in copper, which is 28.3 times more. And with the release of the tsarist decree, goods still rose sharply in price, which, of course, did not like the people.

This financial situation in the country led to the growth and flourishing of counterfeiting, which also did not add joy not only to the ordinary people, but also to the government.

Riot course

The common people were already on the verge of their patience, and when at the Lubyanka they found sheets on which accusations were written against Prince I.D. ... Although this did not have any evidence under it, but even such an excuse was enough for the people to finally lose their temper.

Therefore, several thousand people went to the country palace in the village of Kolomenskoye, where Alexei Mikhailovich was at that time.

This appearance of the people caught the king by surprise and he had to go out to the people. From them he received a petition, which spoke about the reduction in prices for goods and punishment for those responsible. With such pressure, Aleksey Mikhailovich promised to sort things out and the crowd, who took their word for it, turned back.

However, another crowd was approaching from Moscow, which was already in a more belligerent mood than the first. Its number was several thousand. It consisted of butchers, small traders, pastries, etc. Approaching the palace, they surrounded it again. This time they demanded that the traitors be handed over for reprisals. By this time, the archers and soldiers had already approached Kolomenskoye, who were sent by the boyars to help. The crowd was initially asked to disperse peacefully, but they refused. Then the order was given to use force against her. The archers and soldiers drove the unarmed crowd into the river. At the same time, many were still killed and hanged. After these events, several thousand people were arrested and exiled.

It should be noted that after the copper riot, all literate Muscovites had to give samples of their handwriting. This was done in order to compare them with the "thieves' sheets", which served as a signal for such indignation. But by this method, the instigator could not be found.

Results of the copper riot

The main result of the copper riot was the abolition of the cheap copper coin... It happened gradually. Copper courtyards, which were located in Novgorod and Pskov in 1663, were closed. They began to mint again silver coins... The copper money itself was withdrawn from general circulation and melted into other copper products that were needed by the state.

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The copper riot took place in Moscow on July 25, 1662. The reason was the following. Russia waged a protracted war with the Commonwealth for the annexation of Ukraine. Any war requires huge funds to maintain the army. The state was sorely lacking money, then it was decided to introduce copper money into circulation.

It happened in 1655. From a pound of copper, worth 12 kopecks, coins were minted for 10 rubles. A lot of copper money was immediately thrown into use, which led to the distrust of the population in them, inflation. It should be noted that taxes to the state treasury were collected in silver money, and paid in copper. Copper money was also easy to counterfeit.

By 1662, the market price of copper money had fallen by as much as 15 times, and the value of goods had increased dramatically. The situation was getting worse every day. The peasants did not take their food to the cities because they did not want to receive worthless copper for them. Poverty and hunger began to flourish in the cities.

The copper revolt was being prepared in advance, proclamations appeared all over Moscow, in which many boyars and merchants were accused of collusion with the Commonwealth, the ruin of the country and betrayal. Also in the proclamation there were demands to reduce taxes on salt, to abolish copper money. It is significant that almost the same people caused the discontent of the people as with.

The crowd split into two. One, in the amount of 5 thousand people, moved to the king in Kolomenskoye, the second smashed the courtyards of the hated nobles. The rebels caught Alexei Mikhailovich at a prayer service. The boyars went to talk to the people, but they could not calm the crowd. Alexei Mikhailovich himself had to go. People beat their foreheads in front of the king, demanded to change the situation. Realizing that the crowd could not be pacified, Aleksey Mikhailovich spoke "in a quiet custom", persuading the rioters to be patient. People grabbed the king by the dress and said "What to believe?" The Tsar even had to shake hands with one of the rioters. Only after that did the people begin to disperse.

The people left Kolomenskoye, but on the way they met the second part of the crowd, which was going to where the first one left. The united, dissatisfied, 10 thousandth crowd of people turned back to Kolomenskoye. The rebels behaved even more boldly and decisively, demanding the boyars to kill. Meanwhile, the loyal regiments of Alexei Mikhailovich arrived in time to Kolomenskoye and dispersed the crowd. About 7 thousand people were subjected to repressions. Someone was beaten, someone was sent into exile, and someone was burned with a stigma with the letter "B" - a rebel.

Only people from the lower strata of society participated in the copper riot - butchers, artisans, peasants. The copper revolt resulted in the gradual abolition of the copper coin. In 1663, the copper courtyards in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and the printing of silver money was resumed. Copper money was completely withdrawn from circulation and melted into other useful items.