Legend on the map. What are Symbols? Frequently used abbreviations in topographic surveys

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M .: Rosman. Edited by prof. A.P. Gorkina. 2006 .

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Books

• ,. Symbols for topographic plans. Scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500 Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1973 edition (publishing house `Nedra`). ...
• Symbols for topographic plans,. Symbols for topographic plans. Scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500 Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1973 edition (Nedra Publishing House ...

Plans and topographic maps have a unified system of conventional symbols. This system is based on the following provisions:

• each graphic sign always corresponds to a certain type of object or phenomenon;
• each conventional sign has its own clear drawing;
• on and on plans that have a different but close scale, the conventional signs of the same objects differ, as a rule, only in size;
• in the drawings of conventional signs, techniques and means are used that ensure the reproduction of the profile or appearance of the corresponding objects on the earth's surface, contributing to the establishment of an associative connection between the sign and the object. Usually, there are 10 ways to form compositions of signs.

1. Icon method.

It is used to indicate the location of objects that are not expressed in (icons for detached trees, buildings, deposits, settlements, tourist sites). In their form, they can be geometric, letter, picture. In any case, these signs indicate the location of this object, the relative position of various objects.

2.Linear sign method.

It is used to convey objects and phenomena of linear extension that are not expressed in their width at the scale of the map. In this way, rivers, borders, routes of communication are shown on topographic maps or plans.

3. Contour method(from the Greek "isos" - equal, the same).

This method is intended to characterize the phenomena of continuous propagation on the Earth, having a numerical expression, -, etc. Isolines in this case are called curves connecting points with the same quantitative value. Depending on what phenomenon they characterize, the isolines will be called differently:

• - lines connecting points with the same temperature;
• isogists- lines connecting points with the same amount of precipitation;
• isobars- lines connecting points with the same pressure;
• isohypses- lines connecting points with the same height;
• isotachs- lines connecting points at the same speed.

4. Quality background method.

It is used to distinguish qualitatively homogeneous areas of the earth's surface according to natural, socio-economic, political and administrative characteristics. In this way, for example, states on or areas are shown on maps of administrative divisions of regions, age on tectonic maps, types on soil maps or on maps of the location of the flora.

5.Chart method.

It is used to display any quantitative characteristics of continuous propagation phenomena at specific points, for example, the annual temperature variation, the amount of precipitation by months or by meteorological stations.

6. Point method.

It is used to show mass events dispersed over a territory. For example, this method shows the distribution of the population, sown or irrigated areas, livestock, etc.

7. Areal method.

It is used to display the area of ​​distribution of any phenomenon (not continuous over the field), for example, plants, animals. The graphic design of the border and the area of ​​the contour of the area can be very diverse, which makes it possible to characterize the phenomenon in a multifaceted manner.

8. Way of traffic signs.

It is designed to show various spatial movements (bird flights, travel routes, and others). Arrows and lanes are used as graphic traffic signs. With the help of them, you can show the path, method, direction and speed of movement of the phenomenon, as well as some other characteristics. On plans and topographic maps, this method also shows the direction of the current.

9. Method of cartodiagram.

It is usually used to show quantitative characteristics of phenomena in the form of diagrams within individual territorial units. The method is widely used in the analysis and processing of statistical and economic indicators, such as production volume, structure, timber stock and others.

10. Cartogram method used, as a rule, to compare the relative indicators of a phenomenon that characterize a territory as a whole. In this way, for example, they show the average population density per 1 km2 by administrative divisions, average regions, etc. This method, like the method of cartodiagrams, is widely used in the analysis of statistical indicators.

The methods of depicting conventional symbols themselves contain information about what objects and phenomena they can be used for, what are their possible and best combinations when expressing one or another content of maps. Some conventional signs cannot be combined on one map at all: for example, the point method is not combined on the map with the method of icons and cartograms. Icon methods work well with the cartogram. This is very important to know for using conventional symbols.

Before creating a map of any scale, there is a selection of phenomena or objects that must be displayed in the form of conventional symbols on it.

Having studied the symbols well, you can then work with any topographic maps or plans. The rules for the use of these signs constitute important sections of the grammar of the language of the map or plan.

A topographic map, on which the tactical or special situation with all its changes in the course of hostilities is graphically displayed using conventional tactical signs with the necessary explanatory inscriptions, is called the commander's working map.

The process of displaying a tactical or special situation on a map or other graphic document is called "setting the situation". The set of conventional tactical signs is called "tactical situation" or abbreviated "situation".

Completeness of setting the setting:

1. About the enemy:

• the location of weapons of mass destruction with details down to a single weapon, rocket launcher;
• infantry, motorized infantry, tank, artillery units with details to the platoon, guns;
• radiation situation to the extent necessary for work.

2.About your troops:

• the position of the subunits in detail two steps below their level (for example, the regiment commander marks battalions and companies).
• tasks assigned by the senior chief.

Applied topographic maps:

• 1: 25000 - commanders of inputs and companies;
• 1: 50,000 - battalion commanders;
• 1: 100000 - commanders of regiments, divisions, corps;
• 1: 200000 - commanders of armies, fronts;
• 1: 500000 - overview maps of the fronts, the main command.

The following colors are used to apply the decor:

1. Basic - red, blue, black;
2. Auxiliary - brown, green, yellow.

The use of other colors, as well as shades of primary or secondary colors, is not allowed.

• RED it is used when designating for our troops the position, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of motorized rifle, airborne, tank, aviation, and naval units. Fire zones are marked with the same color, regardless of who created these zones.
• BLUE it is used when designating for enemy troops the position, missions, actions, weapons and equipment of all combat arms. Also, all inscriptions related to the enemy are applied in this color. Flooded zones are marked with the same color, regardless of who created these zones.
• BLACK used in the designation for our troops provisions, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of missile troops, artillery, anti-aircraft troops, engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, railway and other special troops. Also, this color is used for all inscriptions related to all types of our troops.
• BROWN It is used to draw roads, routes, and convoy routes of our troops, to fill the zones of application of bacteriological (biological) weapons, and to mark the outer border of the zone of radioactive contamination of V.
• GREEN is used to designate the outer border of the zone of radioactive contamination by B.
• YELLOW it is used to fill the zone of chemical contamination.

All inscriptions are made in upright or oblique standard drawing font. Direct font is used for the title of the card and the signatures of officials. In other cases, an italic font is used (angle of inclination 75 degrees). Italic capital letters are used for service headings and signatures, as well as at the beginning of a sentence and for abbreviations. Lowercase letters are used to write legends, explanatory inscriptions and a large number of abbreviations. All inscriptions are made horizontally only. Vertical or oblique inscriptions are not allowed.

The size of the inscriptions should be proportional to the scale of the map and commensurate with the significance of the unit. The table shows the sizes of the inscriptions depending on the scale of the map and the unit (the size of the shoift in full size). The font size for designating smaller units, individual objects, explanatory inscriptions cannot be larger than the font size for the platoon.

Drawings of the tactical signs of our troops are always directed towards the enemy and vice versa. The exception is anti-aircraft weapons, which are always directed towards the top edge of the map.

If the tactical sign is clearly larger in size than the true size of the object on the map scale, then the center of the tactical sign is considered the location of the object on the ground (for flags, the lower part of the flag rod, for arrows - the front end of the arrow).

Control centers and communication facilities

The control room of the shelf is in place. KP inscription means - command post, TPU - rear control post. The inscription inside the flag is the shelf number.

Battalion control point. The inscription 1/10 MSR means 1 battalion of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.

The same in motion.

1- The command and observation post of the company commander is in place. 2- BMP of the company commander (respectively, the armored personnel carrier, tank of the company commander is designated. A tactical sign of this type of equipment and two dashes are put. The platoon commander has one dash.

Observation post of the 10th motorized rifle regiment. If there is a letter inside the sign, then this means that the NP is specialized (A-artillery, I-engineering, X-chemical, B-air surveillance, T-technical). In artillery, special forces, the badge is black.

Traffic control post (P-traffic controller, checkpoint-checkpoint, KTP-checkpoint.

Communication center. 1- field movable. 2- stationary

Radio. 305 - receiver brand.

Radio station. 1-movable, 2-wearable. 3- tank

Mobile radio relay station

Reconnaissance radar station. 1- air targets. 2 ground targets.

Radio network of wearable stations.

Radio direction of mobile stations.

March, reconnaissance and security

1-foot column of troops. Regiment with number designation, battalion with three dashes, company with two dashes, platoon with one dash, squad without dashes.

2. A column of troops on equipment. Here is 2 msr on the BMP. if a tank column, then the icon of the tank, if the column is an armored personnel carrier, then the icon of an armored personnel carrier, etc.

1- Column of special troops. The fifth engineer battalion is here.

2-Column of an artillery battalion (battery - two dashes, platoon - one dash, a separate gun on the march - the arrow is shorter and without dashes

The head marching outpost as part of the first motorized rifle company on the BMP, reinforced by the first platoon of the second tank company (BPZ - side marching outpost, TPZ - rear.

A mobile detachment of obstacles of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.

Column of a rear support platoon (wob), if the company is mate. ensure that the inscription - rmob, battalion obmob

Column of technical closure of the battalion (P-regiment).

Reconnaissance detachment.

Sentinel department on BMP

Combat reconnaissance patrol of the 2nd tank battalion by 9:00 on November 15. (ORD - separate reconnaissance dozor, RD - reconnaissance dozor, OFRD - officer razved.dozor, IRD - engineering razved.watch, HRD - chemical reconnaissance dozor), Color of the sign according to the type of troops.

Foot patrol.

Foot patrol of the 7th tank company and its patrol route

1 platoon of reconnaissance company of 10 motorized rifle regiment in search (raid)

1 platoon of the 9th tank company in ambush.

Location and actions of units

The area (section of terrain) occupied by the unit. Here is the 3rd motorized rifle battalion. An inscription indicating the unit is required, the tactical sign of the unit's equipment is optional. The sign is large-scale, on the map it covers the entire area occupied by the unit. The dashed line indicates that the area is slated for occupation by the unit. The letter "L" indicates that this is a false area.

An area occupied by a subdivision whose tactical color is black. Here is the area of ​​the 5th engineer battalion.

The direction of the unit's offensive.

The immediate task of the unit. Here 1 is a common sign of a battalion (as indicated by three dashes on the arrow), 2 is a battalion on an infantry fighting vehicle. If the battalion or company or platoon is tank, then the badges of tanks, if on the armored personnel carrier, then the badges of the armored personnel carrier, if the battalion is on foot, then badge No. 1 is used. The badge is large-scale!

Follow-up task. Here 1 is the general sign of the battalion, 2 is the sign of the tank battalion. The sign is large-scale!

The position (milestone) reached by the unit by a certain time. The sign is large-scale.

Machine-gun platoon in battle formation. Below is the general sign of the battalion and company on the BMP. The sign is large-scale.

The boundary of a probable meeting with the enemy.

Initial line (regulation line, line of entry into battle of the second echelon, etc.)

Front (line) occupied by subdivisions. The line of contact with the enemy

Deployment line in battalion columns (company - two lines, platoon - one line)

The boundary of the transition to the attack. 1-common sign, 2-motorized rifle units.

The dismounting line of motorized rifle units

The firing line of a tank unit. Here is the third line of fire of the third tank battalion.

Anti-tank unit deployment line

Mining line.

Tactical airborne assault landing area. Here is the second battalion of the third motorized rifle regiment. disembarkation is expected at 9.00 on July 10. If the fact of the landing has come true, then the line is solid.

Helicopter landing site.

Area and points of amphibious assault landing.

The division is stopped at this line.

Withdrawal of the unit from the occupied line.

Dividing line between shelves

dividing line between battalions.

Line (position) not occupied by subdivisions.

The location of the unit on the defensive.

1- general sign, 2- motorized rifle unit.

Place of capture of the prisoner. Here a soldier of the 2nd battalion of the 26th infantry regiment of the 19th mechanized division was captured at 5.00 on 12 August.

Place of confiscation of documents of the killed.

Weapons of mass destruction and protection against them

Nuclear strike planned by us. 015 - target number, 1/5 ordn - the first battery of the fifth cancer division. -40 - ammunition power 40 kilotons, B - air explosion. "H + 1.10 is the time of the explosion.

Safe removal line (projections towards the explosion).

The area of ​​destruction from the explosion of the enemy. The inner ring is a zone of continuous destruction, then - a zone of solid blockages, weak destruction; the outer ring is the zone of neutron impact on the openly located personnel.

Fire area and direction of fire spread.

The place of a nuclear explosion produced by the enemy, indicating the type of explosion, power and time, and the zone of radioactive contamination. The direction and size of the zones are scaled

Measurement point of the radiation level with indication of the level. time and date of infection.

Enemy nuclear mine with indication of charge power, depth of laying and time of detection.

Field of chemical landmines.

The area contaminated with toxic substances and the direction of displacement of the OM cloud.

Bioweapon contamination site.

Small arms and artillery

Light machine gun

Machine gun

Hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher

Automatic grenade launcher

Anti-aircraft missile system.

Anti-aircraft machine gun mount

Anti-tank grenade launcher

Wearable anti-tank missile systems (ATGM). Here 1- ATGM anti-tank machine gun platoon, 2- ATGM anti-tank platoon.

Flamethrowers. Here 1-jet light, 2-jet heavy.

Anti-tank gun. 1-general designation, 2- up to 85 mm, 3- up to 100mm, 4- more than 100mm.

A gun. 1- general designation, 2- up to 100mm, 3- up to 152mm, 4- more than 152mm.

Howitzer. 1- general designation, 2- up to 122mm., 3- up to 155mm., 4- more than 155mm.

Howitzer with a caliber over 155mm., Firing nuclear weapons.

Self-propelled howitzer. Here the caliber is up to 122 mm.

Rocket artillery combat vehicle. 1-general designation. 2- medium caliber.

Mortar. 1 - general designation, 2 - small caliber, 3 - medium caliber, 4 - large caliber.

Anti-aircraft gun. 1-general designation. 2-small caliber, 3-medium caliber.

Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation. 1- without radar, 2- with radar.

Fighting vehicle of an anti-aircraft missile system. The design of the sign depends on the type of the base vehicle, the icon inside depends on the type of rocket.

Anti-aircraft missile launcher. 1-short-range. 2-short range, 3- medium range. The sign in the circle is the Zen.PU battery.

The area of ​​the firing positions of the artillery division. Here is the first division of the 12th artillery regiment. The signs of the batteries are off-scale, the area is large-scale.

The firing position of the battery is 100mm. guns.

Firing position of the mortar battery

Separate goal. 28 is the target number. The blue mark inside the circle is the location of the enemy firearm.

Areas of concentration of fire. The numbers are the CO numbers. Large-scale signs.

Single fixed obstruction light with indication of its code name.

Deep fixed barrage on three lines with the indication of the code name Co and the numbers of the lines.

Single movable obstruction light with indication of its code name and line numbers.

Double movable barrage

Sequential concentration of fire, indicating the conventional names of the lines and the numbers of targets (solid lines are the lines along which it is planned to fire simultaneously; with a double PSO, solid lines connect targets on two lines, with a triple line on three lines, large-scale targets and sections of targets.

Massive fire with indication of its code name and section numbers.

The firing rampart with indication of the conventional names of the lines, sections for divisions and their numbers, and the numbers of intermediate lines.

Boundary line of the firing sector

The boundary line of the additional shelling sector.

Concentrated fire from a motorized rifle company (SO-1 - sector number, 1,2,3 - platoon sector numbers.

The line of barrage of fire of a grenade launcher platoon with the marking of its number and sections of the lights of the squads.

Armored vehicles, cars and helicopters

Tank. 1- general designation, 2- battalion commander's tank, 3- amphibious tank, 4- flamethrower tank

Tank with a complex of anti-tank weapons.

Tank and BMP with a mine sweep

Tank with BTU

Tank with STU

Combat reconnaissance vehicle and combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle (BRDM)

Car and car with trailer

1-tank tractor, 2-track tractor, 3-car tractor

Motorbike

Ambulance car

Helicopter. 1- general designation, 2-combat, 3- transport.

Engineering equipment and structures

Tank bridgelayer

Tracked amphibious transporter

Self-propelled tracked ferry (ferry-bridge vehicle).

Engineering vehicles on a wheelbase (Here is a heavy mechanized bridge TMM)

Engineering vehicles on a tracked base (Here BAT).

Pontoon-bridge park with a description of its type.

A trench of a motorized rifle unit with a closed gap

Trench with a communication course.

The gun is in the trench. The color of the trench mark by type of troops. (the same sign for all mobile fire weapons)

Open type observation structure (closed type with a black filled triangle.

Vehicle cover (vehicle icon by type)

Shelter indicating the degree of protection and capacity

Open slit

Closed gap

Escarp (counter-escarp) indicating the length.

Unobtrusive wire fence (spiral, net on low posts.

Anti-tank ditch with an indication of the length.

Nadolby indicating the type, number of rows and length.

The mined blockage with an indication of the length.

Wire fence (number of lines - number of rows).

section of hedgehog barriers indicating the number of rows and length

Anti-tank minefield

Anti-personnel minefield (a mixed minefield is indicated by alternating open and filled circles)

Minefields established by means of remote mining.

1-unguided land mine, 2- radio-controlled land mine, 3-land mine, controlled by wires.

Passage through barriers with indication of number and width.

Bridge destroyed by the enemy

A section of the road destroyed by the enemy, indicating the extent of the destruction.

Amphibious crossing with an indication of the number and type of landing craft.

Crossing of tanks under water, indicating 3-depth, 180-width of the river, 40-width of the route, P-character of the bottom, 0.8- current speed.

Ferry crossing with indication of the number of ferries, their carrying capacity and the type of fleet

Ferry crossing of three GSP ferries and 3 ferries of 40 tons each and from PMM cars.

Rigid Supported Bridge. H-low-water 120m long, 4m wide. and with a carrying capacity of 60 tons.

Pontoon bridge 120 m long, with a carrying capacity of 60 tons from the PMP park

The ford is 0.8 m deep, the width of the river is 120 m, the bottom is solid, the current speed is 0.5 m per second.

Ice crossing number five for cargoes of 60 tons.

Subdivisions of technical support and rear, and their facilities

Collection point for damaged cars. P-regimental, 1- his number, bt- for armored vehicles

Repair and evacuation group on the armored personnel carrier. P-regimental, bt - for armored vehicles.

Regimental warehouse. G - fuel, 10tp - 10th tank regiment.

Regiment medical station.

Battalion medical station.

Medical post of the company

Shooter-orderly.

Ambulance transport post

Refueling point for fuel and lubricants of the battalion

Battalion ammunition point

Company ammunition station

Service point on the route. Г-ГСМ.

Combined arms units and subunits

• Motorized rifleman. regiment, battalion, company, platoon, squad - msv, msb, msr, msv, mso
• Tank regiment, battalion, company, platoon- tp, tb, tr, tv
• Machine gun and artillery battalion, company pulab, pular
• Airborne battalion, company, platoon- pdb, pdr, pdv
• Air assault battalion, company, platoon- dshb, dshr, dshv
• Reconnaissance company, platoon, detachment- pp, rv, ro
• Machine gun company, platoon, squad pulr, pulv, pullo
• Anti-tank platoon ptv
• Grenade platoon, squad gv, go
• Anti-tank machine gun platoon ptpool

Artillery units and subunits

• Artillery regiment, battalion, battery- ap, adn, batr
• Self-propelled artillery battalion, battery sadn, sabatr
• Anti-tank guided missile battery Batr ATGM
• Mortar battery, platoon minbatr, minv
• Platoon control woo

Air defense units and subdivisions

• Anti-aircraft missile battery, platoon, squad - zrbatr, zrv, zro
• Anti-aircraft artillery battery, platoon, squad - zabatr, head, zo
• Anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery zrabotr
• Battery, platoon of self-propelled anti-aircraft guns Batr ZSU, vzv. ZSU

Special Forces Units

• Engineer-sapper company, platoon, detachment isr, isv, iso
• Engineering assault company, platoon, squad ishr, ishv, isho
• Airborne company pdesr
• Pontoon company, platoon Monday, Monday
• Platoon, branch of tracked amphibious transporters ex. GPT, dep. GPT
• Platoon, compartment of tracked self-propelled ferries - ex. GSP, dep. SHG
• Department of bridgelayers dep. MTU
• Company, chemical protection platoon- rhz, vhz
• Platoon, department of radiation and chemical reconnaissance- vrhr, orhr
• Platoon, special treatment department vso, eso
• Flamethrower platoon, squad ov, oo
• Company, platoon, post office- pc, sun, os
• Commandant company, platoon cr, sq.

Subdivisions of technical support and logistics

• Separate battalion, logistics company - obmo, rmo
• Automobile company, platoon, squad avtr, avtv, auto
• Repair company remr
• Maintenance platoon, department host, host
• Supply platoon, supply platoon wob, sun
• Maintenance department oto

Control points

• Command post- KP
• Rear control point TPU
• Command and observation post- KNP
• Reserve command post - ZKP
• Observation post- NP
• Air observation post PVN
• Artillery observation post ANP
• Technical supervision point PTN
• Engineering observation post INP

General purpose terminology

• Vanguard (rearguard) - Av (Ar)
• Bacteriological (biological) weapons BO
• Bacteriological (biological) infection BZ
• Battalion refueling point - BZP
• Fighting machine- BM
• Infantry fighting vehicle- BMP
• Combat reconnaissance vehicle- BRM
• Combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle- BRDM
• Side marching outpost- BPZ
• Armored personnel carrier Armored personnel carrier
• Combat kit bq.
• Explosives- BB
• Height- h.
• Head marching outpost- GPP
• Head watch- DG
• Diesel fuel- DT
• Long-term firing structure (long-term fortification) - DOS (DFS)
• Incendiary weapon(incendiary means) - ZZhO (ZZhS)
• Refueling request
• Protection against weapons of mass destruction ZOMP
• Zone of radioactive, chemical, bacteriological (biological) contamination - ZRZ, 3X3, ZBZ
• Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation ZSU
• Starting line (starting point) - ref. p-f, (out.p.)
• Kiloton- kt
• Command vehicle KShM
• Set- set
• Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank battalion- kmsb-1, ktb-2
• Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank company- kmsr-1, ktr-2
• Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank platoon- kmsv-1, ktv-2
• Mine-explosive obstacle- Cost center
• Regiment medical station- WFP
• Battalion medical station BCH
• Company medical post MNR
• Emergency ration- NZ
• Irreducible stock NSZ
• Firing position- OP
• Outskirts env.
• Poisonous substances (persistent toxic substances, unstable toxic substances) - 0V (COB, NOV)
• Mark- mark
• Separate- dep.
• Forward detachment ON
• Movable detachment of obstacles POZ
• Field refueling point - PPP
• Consistent concentration of fire PSO
• Enemy- avenue
• Air defense (anti-tank defense) - Air defense (PTO)
• Anti-personnel minefield PPMP
• Anti-tank minefield PTMP
• Anti-tank reserve PTrez.
• Radioactive contamination RZ
• Radioactive substances PB
• Radiation and chemical reconnaissance RHR
• Reconnaissance detachment- RO
• Dividing line clearing lines
• Radio network (radio direction) - r / s (r / n)
• Area- NS
• Repair and evacuation group (repair group) - REG (Rem. G)
• Regulation line (regulation point) - pg per. (p. per.)
• Collection point for damaged vehicles SPPM
• Guard detachment (outpost, outpost) - Art.O (Art.Z, Art.P)
• North, South, East, West- north., south., east., west.
• North-west, north-east, west, south-east south-west- north-west, north-east, south-east, south-west.
• Focused Fire- CO
• Daily cottage s / d
• Tactical airborne assault Tact. VD
• Tank bridgelayer MTU
• Rear marching outpost - TPZ
• Communication node mustache
• Fortified area- SD
• Chemical observation post KhNP
• Chemical contamination HZ
• Chemical weapon- NS
• Chemical land mine HF
• Nuclear weapon- YAO
• Nuclear mine
• NM Nuclear mine fence- YaMZ

Selected local subjects

	Plants, factories and mills with pipes, expressed (1) or not expressed (2) on the scale of the map
Tower-type capital structures	Light towers	Power plants
Transformer booths	Points of the state geodetic network	Aerodromes and hydro aerodromes
Water mills and sawmills	Windmills	Wind turbines
Plants, factories and mills without pipes: 1) expressed in the scale of the map; 2) not expressed in the scale of the map.	Radio stations and television centers	Radio masts and television masts
Fuel warehouses and gas tanks	Stand-alone trees with landmarks: 1) conifers; 2) deciduous	Separate groves with meaningful landmarks
Narrow forest strips and protective forest stands	Narrow strips of shrubs and hedges	Separate bushes
Communication lines	Mounds, height in meters	Outlier rocks
Power lines on metal or reinforced concrete supports	Pits, depth in meters	Clusters of stones
Power lines on wooden poles	Meteorological stations	Separate stones, height in meters
Onshore oil pipelines and pumping stations	Open pit mining sites	Peat mining
Underground oil pipelines	Churches	Monuments, monuments, mass graves
Stone, brick walls	Dams and shafts	Foresters' houses

Roads

Three-track railways, semaphores and traffic lights, turntables	Highway: 5-width of the covered part, 8-width of the entire road from ditch to ditch in meters, B-coating material
Double track railways and stations	Improved dirt roads (8-carriageway width in meters)
Single track railways, sidings, platforms and stopping points	Dirt roads
Electrified railways: 1) three-track; 2) double-track; 3) single-track	Field and forest roads
Narrow gauge railways and stations on them	Hiking trails
Freeways, embankments	Fascinated sections of roads, gats and rowing
Improved highways, notches	Crossings: 1) under the railway; 2) over the railway; 3) on the same level

Hydrography

Small rivers and streams	The banks are steep: 1) without a beach; 2) with a beach that does not end on the scale of the map
Canals and ditches	Lakes: 1) fresh; 2) salted; 3) bitter-salty
Wooden bridges Metal bridges Stone and reinforced concrete bridges	Characteristics of bridges: K-building material (K-stone, M-metal, RC-reinforced concrete, D-wooden); 8-height above water level (on navigable rivers); 370-length of the bridge, 10-width of the carriageway in meters; 60-tonne lifting capacity
Water edge marks Arrows showing the direction of the flow of rivers (0.2-flow rate in m / sec.)	Characteristics of rivers and canals: 170-width, 1.7-depth in meters, P-character of the bottom soil Pier Brody: 1.2-depth, 180-length in meters, T-nature of the soil, 0.5-current speed in m / s.
Dams: K-material of the structure, 250-length, 8-width of the dam at the top in meters; in the numerator is the mark of the upper water level, in the denominator is the lower	Gateways Ferries: 195-width of the river, 4x3-dimensions of the ferry in meters, 8-carrying capacity in meters
Ground water pipelines	Wells
Underground water pipes	Sources (keys, springs)

The system of basic conventional symbols used in graphic documents of peace and wartime tactical level Part 4 "Motorized rifle battalion" -

The procedure for the formation of a combat graphic document. Fire card of a motorized rifle squad when planning offensive actions. Situation conditions: COMBAT ACTIVITIES. Type of military operations - OFFENSIVE -

SYMBOLS FOR TOPOGRAPHIC PLANS -

In general, when hunting, you also need a certain tactic similar to the one that will be described in this article. And you don't need to buy firearms for hunting, just take but pistol-type ballets and start hunting. In general, it is more convenient and more enjoyable. Also, this kind of crossbow can be used for ordinary sports purposes - target shooting.

Definition 1

Cartographic Symbols- symbolic graphic designations that are used to depict on cartographic images(maps and topoplans) of various objects and their characteristics.

Sometimes the symbols are called the legend of the map.

Types of symbols by scale

Depending on the scale, $ 3 $ groups of conventional signs are distinguished:

• large-scale (areal and linear);
• off-scale (point);
• explanatory.

With the help of areal scale signs, extended objects are displayed on a map scale. On the map, scale signs allow you to determine not only the location of the object, but also its size and shape.

Example 1

Scale signs are the territory of the state on a map with a scale of $ 1: $ 10,000,000 or a reservoir on a map with a scale of $ 1: $ 10,000.

Linear symbols are used to display objects that are significantly extended in one dimension, for example, roads. Only one dimension is consistent with the scale on such signs (along which the object is the most extended), while the other is off-scale. The position of an object is determined by a conditional or explicit centerline.

Out-of-scale point marks are used in maps to display features that are not dimensioned on the map. The largest cities on the world map are displayed by off-scale signs - dots. The actual placement of the object is determined by the main point of the dot symbol.

The main point is placed at the off-scale marks as follows:

• in the center of the figure at symmetrical signs;
• in the middle of the base for characters with a wide base;
• at the apex of the right angle, which is the base, if the sign has such an angle;
• in the center of the bottom shape if the character is a combination of several shapes.

Explanatory signs are intended to characterize local items and their varieties. Explanatory signs can indicate the number of railway tracks, the direction of the river flow.

Remark 1

On maps of a large scale, the signs of individual objects are indicated separately, on maps of a smaller scale - objects of the same type are grouped and applied with one sign.

Symbols by content

1. signs and signatures of settlements;
2. signs of individual local objects;
3. signs of individual relief elements;
4. transport infrastructure signs;
5. signs of objects of the hydrographic network;
6. land cover signs;

Signs and signatures of settlements

On maps of a scale of $ 1: $ 100,000 and larger, all settlements are indicated along with the signature of their names. Moreover, the names of cities are applied in direct capital letters, rural settlements - in lowercase letters, urban and suburban settlements - in lowercase oblique letters.

Large-scale maps display external outlines and layouts, highlighting the largest highways, enterprises, outstanding knowledge and landmarks.

Example 2

On maps with a scale of $ 1: 25 \ 000 $ and $ 1: 50 \ 000 $, the type (refractory or non-refractory) building is displayed in color.

The figure below shows the signs of settlements used on maps of different eras.

Signs of selected local sites

Individual local objects, which are landmarks, are drawn on the map mainly with off-scale signs. These can be towers, mines, adits, churches, radio masts, outlier rocks.

Signs of individual relief elements

Relief elements are drawn on the map with appropriate signs.

Remark 2

Natural objects are depicted with brown lines and marks.

Transport infrastructure signs

The objects of transport infrastructure displayed on topographic maps include the road and railway network, structures and bridges.

When mapping, separate roads with and without paved roads (freeways, improved highways, improved dirt roads). All paved roads are plotted on the map, indicating the width and material of the pavement.

The color of the road on the map indicates its type. Highways and highways are drawn in orange, improved dirt roads are yellow (occasionally orange), without color - unpaved country roads, field, forest and seasonal roads.

Hydrographic network objects signs

The map depicts the following elements of the hydrographic network - the coastal part of the seas, rivers, lakes, canals, streams, wells, ponds and other bodies of water.

Reservoirs are mapped if their area is more than $ 1 mm ^ 2 $ in the image. In another case, the reservoir is applied only because of its high significance, for example in arid regions. The names of the objects are indicated next to them.

The characteristics of the objects of the hydrographic network are indicated next to the signature of the name of the object. In particular, indicate in the form of a fraction the width (numerator), depth and nature of the soil (denominator), as well as the speed (in m / s) and the direction of the current. Also indicated along with the characteristics of hydraulic structures - ferries, dams, locks. Rivers and canals are mapped in full. In this case, the type of display is determined by the width of the object and the scale of the map.

Remark 4

In particular, at a map scale of more than $ 1: $ 50,000, objects with a width of less than $ 5 $ m, at a scale of less than $ 1: $ 100,000 - less than $ 10 $ m, depict $ 1 $ as a line, and wider objects - in two lines. Also, $ 2 $ lines indicate channels and ditches with a width of $ 3 $ m and more, and with a smaller width - one line.

On large-scale maps, blue circles represent wells, next to it is the letter "k" or "art.k" in the case of an artesian well. In arid regions, wells and water supplies are shown with enlarged signs. Water pipelines on maps are shown with lines with dots in blue: solid lines - above ground, broken lines - underground.

Land cover signs

Often, when displaying land cover on a map, a combination of large-scale and off-scale conventional symbols is used. Signs denoting forests, shrubs, gardens, swamps, meadows, nature are large-scale, and individual objects, for example, freestanding trees, are off-scale.

Example 3

A swampy meadow is displayed on the map by a combination of conventional symbols of meadows, bushes and swamps in a closed contour.

The contours of terrain areas occupied by a forest, shrub or swamp are drawn with a dotted line, unless the boundary is a fence, roads or other linear local object.

Forested areas indicate in green with the application of a symbol indicating the type of forest (coniferous, deciduous or mixed). Areas with undergrowth or nurseries are mapped in pale green.

Example 4

The picture below, on the left, shows a coniferous pine forest with an average tree height of $ 25 $ meters and a width of $ 0.3 $ m, as well as a typical spacing between tree trunks $ 6 $ m. The picture on the right is a deciduous maple forest with $ 12 $ m trees. and a trunk width of $ 0.2 $ m, the distance between which is on average $ 3 $ meters.

Swamps are shown on the map with horizontal shading in blue. In this case, the type of hatching shows the degree of passability: intermittent hatching - passable, solid - difficult and impassable.

Remark 5

Swamps with a depth of less than $ 0.6 $ m are considered passable.

Vertical blue shading on the map indicates salt marshes. As well as for swamps, solid shading indicates impassable salt marshes, intermittent ones - passable ones.

Symbols colors on topographic maps

The colors used for depicting objects on maps are universal for all scales. Black line marks - buildings, structures, local objects, strong points and borders, brown line marks - relief elements, blue - hydrographic network. Areal signs in light blue are the water mirror of the objects of the hydrographic network, green - areas of trees and shrubs, orange - quarters with fire-resistant buildings and highways, yellow - quarters with non-fire-resistant structures and improved dirt roads.

Remark 6

On military and special maps, special symbols are applied.

Symbols of topographic maps give complete information about the area. They are generally accepted and used for topographic maps and plans. Topographic maps are important material not only for tourists, but also for geodetic organizations, for authorities that are engaged in planning the area and transferring the boundaries of sites.

Knowledge about conventional signs helps not only to read the map correctly, but also to draw up detailed plans of the area, taking into account the new objects that have appeared.

Topographic maps are a kind of geographic maps. They carry detailed information on the plan of the area, indicating the location of various technical and natural objects relative to each other.

Topographic maps vary in scale of execution. All of them carry less or more detailed information about the area.

The scale of the map is indicated on the side or bottom of the map. It shows the ratio of sizes: indicated on the map to natural. Thus, the larger the denominator, the less detailed the material. Let's say a map 1:10 000 will have 100 meters in 1 centimeter. To find out the distance in meters between objects, using a ruler, the segment between two points is measured and multiplied by the second indicator.

1. The most detailed is the topographic plan of the area, its scale is 1: 5,000 inclusive. It does not count as a map and is not as accurate as it does not take into account the notion that the earth is round. This somewhat distorts its informativeness, nevertheless, the plan is indispensable when depicting cultural, household and economic objects. In addition, the plan can also show micro-objects that are difficult to find on the map (for example, vegetation and soils, the contours of which are too small to be depicted in other materials).
2. Topographic maps in scale 1:10 000 and 1:25 000 are considered the most detailed among the maps. They are used for household needs. They depict settlements, industrial and agricultural objects, roads, hydrographic network, swamps, fences, boundaries, etc. Such maps are most often used to obtain information about objects in an area that does not have significant forest cover. The objects of management are most reliably depicted in them.
3. Maps with a scale of 1: 50,000 and 1: 100,000 are less detailed. They schematically depict the outlines of forests and other large objects, the image of which does not require much detail. Such maps are useful for aeronautical navigation, road routes and so on.
4. Less detailed maps are used for military purposes to accomplish assigned planning tasks for various operations.
5. Maps with a scale of up to 1: 1,000,000 allow you to correctly assess the overall picture of the area.

Having decided on the task at hand, the choice of material seems to be absolutely not challenging task... Depending on how much detailed information about the area is needed, the required map scale is also selected.

Working with a topographic map requires a clear knowledge of the schematic designation of the depicted objects.

Types of conventional symbols:

• areal (large-scale) - for large objects (forest, meadow, lake), their sizes can be easily measured on a map, correlated with a scale and get the necessary information about the depth, length, area;
• linear - for extended geographic objects, the width of which cannot be indicated, they are drawn in the form of a line corresponding to the scale in order to correctly display the length of the object (road, power strip);
• off-scale - they are used to designate strategically important objects, without which the map will be incomplete, but in a rather arbitrary size (bridge, well, separate tree);
• explanatory - characterizing the object, for example, the depth of the river, the height of the slope, the tree, which denotes the type of forest;
• depicting landscape components: relief, rocks and stones, hydrographic objects, vegetation, artificial structures;
• special - applied to maps for individual sectors of the economy (meteorological, military signs).

The designations of topographic maps in certain cases, especially for individual groups of objects, allow some conventions:

• the main information that the image of a settlement carries is the density of building and the location of the boundaries of the object, for this it is not necessary to mark each building, you can limit yourself to the main streets, intersections and important buildings;
• the legend of a group of homogeneous objects allows the image of only the extreme of them;
• when drawing a line of roads, it is necessary to indicate their middle, which should correspond to the situation on the ground, and the width of the message object itself should not be displayed;
• strategically important sites such as factories and factories are marked on the spot where the main building or factory chimney is located.

Due to the correct application of signs on the map, you can get a detailed idea of ​​the relative position of objects on the ground, the distance between them, their heights, depths, etc. important information.

The map must be objective and this requirement includes the following provisions:

• correctly selected standard symbols, if this is a special map, then the symbols should also be generally known in a certain area;
• correct image of line elements;
• one map must be drawn in the same image style;
• micro-objects should also be indicated exactly, if there is a certain number of such objects of the same size on the ground, they should all be marked with the same sign on the map;
• the color indicators of the elements of relief forms must be maintained correctly - the heights and lowlands are often depicted in paints, there should be a scale next to the map that shows what height on the terrain a particular color corresponds to.

Symbols of topographic maps and plans are applied in accordance with uniform rules.

So:

1. The sizes of objects are displayed in millimeters. These signatures are usually placed to the left of conventional signs. For one object, two numbers are given for the height and width. If these parameters match, one signature is allowed. For round objects, their diameter is indicated, for signs in the shape of a star - the diameter of the circumscribed circle. For an equilateral triangle, the parameter of its height is given.
2. The thickness of the lines should correspond to the scale of the map. The main objects of plans and detailed maps (factories, mills, bridges, locks) are drawn with lines of 0.2-0.25 mm, the same designations on small-scale maps from 1: 50,000 - lines 0.2 mm. Lines for secondary characters are 0.08–0.1 mm thick. On plans and large-scale maps, an increase in signs by one third is allowed.
3. The legend of topographic maps must be clear and legible, the spaces between the inscriptions must be at least 0.2–0.3 mm. Strategically important objects can be slightly increased in size.

Separate requirements are put forward for the color scheme.

So, the background color should provide good readability, and the conventional signs are indicated by the following colors:

• green - designations of glaciers, permanent snow, swamps, salt marshes, intersections of coordinate lines and hydrography;
• brown - relief forms;
• blue - water bodies;
• pink - interline gaps of the highway;
• red or brown - some signs of vegetation;
• black - shading and all signs.

1. Objects indicated by off-scale conventional symbols on topographic maps and plans must correspond to the location on the ground. To do this, they need to be placed according to certain rules.

The situation on the ground corresponds to:

• the center of the sign of regular-shaped objects (round, square, triangular) on the plan;
• middle of the base symbol- for perspective displays of objects (lighthouses, rocks);
• vertices of the corner of the designation - for icons with an element of right angles (tree, pillar);
• the middle of the bottom line of the sign - for designations in the form of a combination of figures (towers, chapels, towers).

Knowledge of the correct placement and application of signs will help to correctly draw up a topographic map or a plan of the area, making them understandable to other users.

The symbolic designation of groups of objects should be done according to the rules below.

1. Geodetic points. These objects should be marked in as much detail as possible. The mark of the centers of the points is applied exactly to the centimeter. If the point is located in an elevated area, it is necessary to note the height of the hillock or mound. When drawing the boundaries of land surveys, which are marked with pillars and numbered on the ground, the numbering should also be displayed on the map.
2. Buildings and their parts. Building outlines should be mapped in accordance with the building layout and dimensions. The most detailed depictions of multi-storey and historically important buildings. The number of storeys is indicated starting from two floors. If the building has an orientation tower, it must also be displayed on the map.

Small buildings, such as pavilions, cellars, building elements, are displayed at the request of the customer and only on detailed maps. Building numbers are reproduced only on large maps. Additionally, letters can denote the materials from which the building is built, its purpose, fire resistance.

Conventional signs are used to distinguish buildings under construction or dilapidated, cultural and religious buildings. Objects on the map should be placed exactly as in reality.

In general, the detail and detail of the description of the characteristics depends on the purpose of drawing up the map and is negotiated by the customer and the contractor.

1. Industrial facilities. The number of storeys in buildings does not matter. More important objects are administrative buildings and pipes. For pipes over 50 meters, the actual height must be signed.

At enterprises that have mines and are engaged in the extraction of minerals, it is customary to designate objects located on the surface. The mapping of underground tracks is carried out by agreement with the customer, indicating the working and non-working branches. For quarries, a numerical designation of their depth is mandatory.

1. Railways are shown with their gauge designation. Inactive roads should also be marked on maps. For electrified roads and tramways, a power line must be displayed nearby.

On the map, the designation of the slopes of roads, embankments and their height, slopes, tunnels and their characteristics is applied. Dead ends, turning circles and road endings are required.

Roads are marked with a certain sign, which depends on the surface. The carriageway must be highlighted with a line.

1. It is customary to divide hydrographic objects into three groups:

• permanent;
• indefinite - existing all the time, but the outlines of which often change;
• non-permanent - changing depending on the season, but with a pronounced source and direction of the channel.

Permanent water bodies are depicted by solid lines, the rest - by dash-dotted lines.

1. Relief. When depicting the terrain, horizontals or contour lines are used, indicating the heights of individual ledges. Moreover, lowlands and elevations are depicted similarly, using strokes: if they go outward, then an elevation is depicted, if inward it is a depression, a gully or a lowland. In addition, if the contour lines are close to each other, the slope is considered steep, if far - gentle.

A good topographic map should be extremely accurate, objective, complete, reliable, and clearly delineate the contours of objects. When drawing up a map, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the customer.

Depending on the purposes for which the topographic map is intended, some simplifications or insignificant distortions of minor objects are allowed, but the general requirements must be met.