High resolution vintage maps of Tartary. Ancient cards of Daariya and Tartaria. Tartary in the "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences"

I will also give you some historical information-riddle.

More recently, several years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, etc.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

There is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was still alive, many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus".

For the first time, I openly announced about Tartary on the Russian-speaking Internet Nikolay Levashov in the second part of his article "The Silent History of Russia", published by "Sovetnik" in July 2004. Here's what he wrote then:

“... In the same British Encyclopedia of the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , they call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural mountains and the entire territory east of the Ural mountains to the Pacific Ocean in the Asian:

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China. "

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)

Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. The tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkassk and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetans, who live northwest of China ").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771

Title page of the first Encyclopedia Britannica, 1771 edition

An article about Tartary in the first edition of Encyclopedia Britannica 1771

Map of Europe from the first, not yet revised edition of Brittanica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartary

Map of Tartary in the third volume of the first edition of Brittanica, 1771

“As follows from the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country Tartary, the provinces of which were of different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartary and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartary adjoined it (WITHhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongolian Tartary was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. There were also several Tartaries in Europe: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartary (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartary (Little Tartary) .

What does Tartary mean, was said above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary. "

Information about Great Tartary is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geografico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

An article about Tartary in the Spanish Universal Geographic Reference, 1795.

(Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)

Well, now the maps of Great Tartary from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px

Numerous medieval geographic Maps... One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartary, drawn by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson (Anthony Jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and concurrently a representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company) - an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed at that time map of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartary is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the early 17th century. Yodokus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - the Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought the printed forms of the world atlas of Mercator, added about forty to the atlas own maps and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as publisher.

The main population of this vast area were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongol peoples, collectively known to Europeans at that time as "Tatars". Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in late Islam (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongol peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (especially of the Nestorian persuasion).

The first state formation throughout the territory of Great Tartary was the Turkic Khaganate. After the collapse of a single kaganate on the territory of Tartary in different time there were states: the Western Turkic Kaganate, the East Turkic Kaganate, the Kimak Kaganate, the Khazar Kaganate, the Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartary was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state formation is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses in the western part of Tartary, a centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) arose. A single Tatar language was formed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has enough ancient history). Traditionally, the Russians continued to call the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde as Tatars.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: Big Horde, Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Nogai Horde, Astrakhan Khanate, Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a sedentary lifestyle and their isolation in separate states, the formation of ethnic groups took place: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartary began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552 Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory that was once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria ("Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all were under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the "Tatar" Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartary".

Currently, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Map Asia from the first edition of Encyclopedia Britannica

Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas

one of the oldest cards with the mention of Tartary

French map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map Tartaria or "Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius

Map of Tartary (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706 The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

Ethnographic map Remezov.

Map The great Tartaria 1706.

This unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information on map connected with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartary (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius

Russia on map Antony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg

Tartary, 1814.

Tartary De Lisle 1706

Not earlier than 1705

Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria... Amsterdam, 1640-70

Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographic atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570.The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. The spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (Latin Spectacle of the Globe of the Earth) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartary is present both on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595 and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) the English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Survey of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) ... Please note that on many maps the Chinese Wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary (WITHhinese Tartary) .

Tartary on a Dutch map of Asia 1595

Klkiabelno 5000 px

Image earth globe(author's right - assoc. Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection

But last card, where else there is a similar name. It dates back to 1786.

I will also give you some historical information-riddle.

More recently, several years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, etc.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

There is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was still alive, many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus".

For the first time, I openly announced about Tartary on the Russian-speaking Internet Nikolay Levashov in the second part of his article "The Silent History of Russia", published by "Sovetnik" in July 2004. Here's what he wrote then:

“... In the same British Encyclopedia of the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , they call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural mountains and the entire territory east of the Ural mountains to the Pacific Ocean in the Asian:

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China. "

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)

Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. The tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkassk and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetans, who live northwest of China ").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771

Title page of the first Encyclopedia Britannica, 1771 edition

An article about Tartary in the first edition of Encyclopedia Britannica 1771

Map of Europe from the first, not yet revised edition of Brittanica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartary

Map of Tartary in the third volume of the first edition of Brittanica, 1771

“As follows from the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country Tartary, the provinces of which were of different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartary and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartary adjoined it (WITHhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongolian Tartary was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. There were also several Tartaries in Europe: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartary (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartary (Little Tartary) .

What does Tartary mean, was said above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary. "

Information about Great Tartary is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geografico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

An article about Tartary in the Spanish Universal Geographic Reference, 1795.

(Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)

Well, now the maps of Great Tartary from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px

The fact that the Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartarii is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartary, drawn by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson (Anthony Jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and concurrently a representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company) - an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed at that time map of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartary is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the early 17th century. Yodokus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - The Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought the printed forms of the world atlas of Mercator, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as the publisher.

The main population of this vast area were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongol peoples, collectively known to Europeans at that time as "Tatars". Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in late Islam (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongol peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (especially of the Nestorian persuasion).

The first state formation throughout the territory of Great Tartary was the Turkic Khaganate. After the collapse of the single kaganate on the territory of Tartaria, at different times there were states: the Western Turkic Khaganate, the East Turkic Khaganate, the Kimak Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, the Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartary was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state formation is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses in the western part of Tartary, a centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) arose. A single Tatar language was formed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has a rather ancient history). Traditionally, the Russians continued to call the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde as Tatars.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: Big Horde, Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Nogai Horde, Astrakhan Khanate, Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a sedentary lifestyle and their isolation in separate states, the formation of ethnic groups took place: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartary began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552 Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory that was once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria ("Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all were under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the "Tatar" Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartary".

Currently, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Map Asia from the first edition of Encyclopedia Britannica

Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas

one of the oldest cards with the mention of Tartary

French map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map Tartaria or "Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius

Map of Tartary (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706 The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

Ethnographic map Remezov.

Map The great Tartaria 1706.

This unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information on map connected with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartary (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius

Russia on map Antony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg

Tartary, 1814.

Tartary De Lisle 1706

Tartaria, not earlier than 1705

Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria... Amsterdam, 1640-70

Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographic atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570.The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. The spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (Latin Spectacle of the Globe of the Earth) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartary is present both on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595 and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) the English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Survey of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) ... Please note that on many maps the Chinese Wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary (WITHhinese Tartary) .

Tartary on a Dutch map of Asia 1595

Klkiabelno 5000 px

Image of the earth's globe (auth. Right - assoc. Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection

And here is the last card, where there is still a similar name. It dates back to 1786.

“I want to know everything” - this is, perhaps, the motto that people who seek the truth live by. So it was, so it is and so it will be! The same applies to the issue of the appearance of the first maps and atlases. We, in particular, are interested in the questions of how long ago they appeared, how accurately they reflected the location of the countries, many of which disappeared from the face of the earth or were renamed, in which borders these countries previously existed. In this article we will try to give some answers to these questions, as well as tell you about how the science of cartography was born in the world, dwelling in more detail on the time when the emergence of our state was attributed.

In the myths and legends of the peoples of the world, in written sources dating back more than one millennium, a lot of information has been preserved about the northern ancestral home of the Slavs - Daaria (better known as Hyperborea, Arctida or Severia), as well as about Great Scythia, Russia (Russenia, Ruthenia), Asia and the Great Empire of Tartary. Until now, scientific disputes about the very possibility or the timing of their existence do not cease. Nevertheless, a lot has survived to this day vintage maps shedding light on the ancient history of the Slavic Ancestors. These rarities are kept in the most famous museums in the world. Their number is quite impressive, moreover, new copies are discovered every year, on which the aforementioned empires and countries are present with enviable constancy, which mysteriously disappeared from the pages of geographical atlases about 300 years ago.

In this article, we will tell you about the most famous works of cartographers, which have preserved their images or names - from Daaria to Tartaria.

Perhaps the most interesting are the ancient maps of Mercator. Scientists attribute two of them to the field of scientific enigmas. The first was compiled and published by Gerardus Mercator himself, one of the most famous cartographers in the world, and dates back to 1559. The second was published in 1595 by his son. Both maps show an archipelago of four islands separated by rivers at the North Pole. In the center there is a mountain (legendary Meru, described in Vedic sources).

On the second map, besides Daariya-Hyperborea, the northern coastlines of Eurasia and America are depicted in some detail. At the same time, the rivers and islands of the Arctic Ocean coastline are quite recognizable.

Most likely, both maps were compiled on the basis of ancient cartographic sources, the authenticity of which is difficult to doubt. After all, father and son Mercators depicted the strait between Asia and America, discovered by the Russian Cossack Semyon Dezhnev only in 1648. In 1728, this strait was again passed by the Russian expedition of Vitus Bering, after which it became known as Bering. It is also striking how reliably the Kola Peninsula is depicted. But the later works of the Swedish cartographer Olaus Magnus describe this peninsula as an isthmus between the Arctic Ocean and the White Sea, that is, the Mercator atlas is much more accurate.

Let us add to this that the scientific authority of Mercator was never in doubt. He clarified many cartographic sources, for example, ancient maps of Ptolemy, was engaged in the manufacture of precise optical instruments, worked on the creation of the globes of the Earth and the Moon, was the first to introduce the geographical term "Atlas".

Has long been interested in the question of Tartary. Why is it indicated in the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771? and even give the dimensions of the areas? Why is the official Russian history silent about this? Maybe this data is in some sources, but I did not find it? Enlighten who knows.
In the meantime, I lay out maps indicating the state (states) of Tartary (Dragomir)

The name of Tartary has nothing to do with the name of the Turkic tribes. When foreigners asked the inhabitants of this country about who they were, the answer was: "We are the children of Tarkh and Tara" - brother and sister, who were, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, the guardians of the Russian land.

Map of 1754 "I-e Carte de l" Asie "
On the map, the border of Tartary with China runs along the Great Wall of China. At the same time, the southern part of the wall is higher than the northern one, and the loopholes are also facing south, so it becomes clear who was defending against whom with this wall.

Map of the 18th century - "L" Asie dresse sur les observations de l "Academie Royale des Sciences et quelques autres, et Sur les memoires les plus recens. Amsterdam. Chez R. & J. Ottens"

West of the Volga we see "European Muscovy" - Moscovie Europeane:

Map made in Paris in 1670.

Fragment of North America map from Encyclopedia Britannica 1771.

A huge white spot is visible covering most of the N American continent.

Map of Europe from the Encyclopedia Britannica of the 18th century.

Map of Asia from the Encyclopedia Britannica of the 18th century.

The Geography section in the famous Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771 (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887, (Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887) ends with a table listing all countries known to its authors, indicating their area, capitals, distances from London and the time difference compared to London. It is very curious and unexpected that Russian empire of that time (and this is already a completely civilized and powerful country of the era of Catherine the Great!) is considered by the authors of the British Encyclopedia as several different states. This is Russia with an area of ​​1,103,485 square miles with the capital in St. Petersburg, Moscow Tartaria with an area of ​​3,050,000 square miles with the capital in Tobolsk. Moscow Tartary was considered by the authors of the British Encyclopedia to be the largest country in the world. All the others were at least three times smaller than her. In addition, Independent Tartary with its capital in Samarkand and Chinese Tartary with its capital in Chinyan are indicated. Their areas are 778,290 and 644,000 square miles, respectively.

Russian map of Asia 1737

Hessel Geretis 1613-1614

Tartary - Edition of Guillaume de Lille 1707-1709

General card Siberia and Great Tartary 1670-1680

Russia and Scandinavia Nicholas Whisker 1660

V. Kiprianov's map "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Western hemisphere

V. Kiprianov's map "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Eastern hemisphere

A huge "blank spot" in the place of Siberia and the Far East. On the bottom of the Siberian white spot there is only an inscription in large letters: Tartaria.

V. Kiprianov's map "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Enlarged fragment

European part of Russia.

V. Kiprianov's map "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Enlarged fragment

There is a huge "blank spot" in the place of Svernoye and Northwest America.

Map of Russia and Great Tataria. 1786

The French inscription on top of the map reads: Carte de l "Empire de Russie & de la Grande Tartarie dressee avec soin par F.L. Gussefeld & publee par les Herit de Homann, l" an 1786

Well, in the continuation of today's article about I will also provide you with some historical information-riddle.

More recently, several years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, etc.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

There is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was still alive, many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus".

For the first time, Nikolai Levashov openly announced about Tartaria on the Russian-language Internet in the second part of his article "The Hidden History of Russia", published on "Sovetnik" in July 2004. Here's what he wrote then:

Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771

Title page of the first Encyclopedia Britannica, 1771 edition.

An article about Tartary in the first edition of Encyclopedia Britannica 1771.

Map of Europe from the first, not yet revised edition of Brittanica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartary.

Map of Tartary in the third volume of the first edition of Brittanica, 1771

As follows from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, there was a huge country of Tartary, whose provinces were of different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartary and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, it was adjoined by the Chinese Tartary [please do not confuse it with China]. In the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary [Central Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) was located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. In the north of India was the Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongolian Tartary in the south and Persia in the southwest. There were also several Tartaries in Europe: Muscovite Tartary or Muscovite Tartary, Kuban Tartars and Little Tartary.

What does Tartary mean, was said above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary. "

Information about Great Tartary is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geografico Universal published in 1795, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

An article about Tartary in the Spanish Universal Geographic Reference, 1795.

Well, now the maps of Great Tartary from different times and countries.

The fact that the Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartarii is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartary, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson, who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and concurrently the representative of the Muscovy Company - the English a trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed at that time map of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartary is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) - Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the world atlas of Mercator, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as a publisher.

The main population of this vast area were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongol peoples, collectively known to Europeans at that time as "Tatars". Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in the late Islam (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongol peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (especially of the Nestorian persuasion).

The first state formation throughout the territory of Great Tartary was the Turkic Khaganate. After the collapse of the single kaganate on the territory of Tartaria, at different times there were states: the Western Turkic Khaganate, the East Turkic Khaganate, the Kimak Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, the Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartary was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state formation is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses in the western part of Tartary, a centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) arose. A single Tatar language was formed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has a rather ancient history). Traditionally, the Russians continued to call the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde as Tatars.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: Big Horde, Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Nogai Horde, Astrakhan Khanate, Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a sedentary lifestyle and their isolation in separate states, the formation of ethnic groups took place: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartary began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552 Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory that was once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria ("Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all were under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the "Tatar" Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartary".

Currently, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Map of Asia from the first edition of Encyclopedia Britannica.

A copy of the map of Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas.

One of the oldest cards with the mention of Tartary.

French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map of Tartary or "Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius.

Map of Tartary (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706 The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

Ethnographic map of Remezov.

Map of Great Tartary 1706.

Russia according to the map of Antony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg.

Tartary, 1814.

Atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (Latin Spectacle of the Globe of the Earth) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartaria is also found on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed ​​(1552-1629) of the English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the world). Please note that on many maps the Chinese Wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary.

Tartary on a Dutch map of Asia 1595.

Image of the earth's globe (auth. Right - assoc. Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection.

And here is the last card, where there is still a similar name. It dates back to 1786: