Where for the first time began to play chess. Who invented chess: folk art. Chess as sport
For those who have a desire to spend their free time with the benefit of mind and mood, there is such a sport as chess. This is a special kind of sport that does not require physical activity. But instead of this activity, chess requires a mental player. In chess, for many centuries, they play both at the professional level and players in amateur clubs. Let's try to get acquainted with history Chess and with the principles of the game.
What is chess?
As mentioned above, chess are a special sport. This is a board game where 2 players are involved. The game passes on a special chessboard with black and white markup and 64 cells of the same size. The cell line is horizontally digitized - from 1 to 8, vertically letters - from a to h. Next important component games - set chess figures. They are white and black, each player gets one of them. The set of chess pieces includes:
pawns - 8 pieces;
elephants - 2 pcs;
horses - 2 pcs;
food - 2 pcs;
kings - 2pcs;
fERSI - 2 pcs.
In the history of chess provides a special section dedicated to the emergence of figures, and their main name.
According to the established rules, the game starts the one who has a white set of figures. Further, all moves are carried out in the order of queue. The essence of the game is that one player must hit his opponent, putting him a mat. Mat - When the opponent has no opportunity to walk, and his figure of the king is under the rival shah. The game can be discontinued with full defeat of the enemy and if there is a draw. All moves have a certain time limit. If the limit on the game is exceeded, but there is no winner - a technical gain or draw is credited.
Where and when did Chess appear for the first time?
The history of Chess began approximately 1.5 thousand years ago. According to some scientists, the game originated in India in the V-VI century AD It is believed that the progenitor chess was indian game Chaturant. The exact nuances and the rules of this game are now known to anyone, but there are some information that fully confirm their relationship with modern chess: a black and white board with marking and squares, as well as 16 figures similar to those familiar with the pawns. The players were 4, not 2.
According to historians, at the same time, the Indian Chaturanga was borrowed by the Arab peoples. If we speak modern language - Arabs modified significantly the game. The first transformation touched the name - it turned into a shuttles from the chaturage. Already later, when the game came to Tajiks and Persians, they called her "Chess", which translates as "the Lord is defeated." This dates back to 580-600 G.N.
In 800-900, when the Arabs lightningly won European cities, chess penetrated here. In Europe, this game occupied the honorable place and became part of the cultural life of those people. Only in the XV - XVI century, the basic rules of the game, familiar to the modern person, were firmly established.
Modern chess
With the development of technologies, the changes touched and such ancient gamelike chess. The rules remained all the same, but now computers have a tremendous impact on the game. Now they have become quite popular matches and tournaments under the slogan "Man against Machines". It would seem that the computer will not leave a person no chance for a victory, but it is not. IN modern history Chess There are many examples of world tournaments when Great Grassmasters won artificial Intelligence.
A real chessboard with figures today have acquired the role of souvenirs and gifts, rather than playing belonging, and it is certainly sad, but chess of the kind, to which our consciousness is used to lose their former popularity. Now lovers and beginners prefer to harm with a computer engine, and not with a real opponent. But you can also meet on the scope of the network. There are advantages: in the process of playing with the machine, you can increase your qualifications for the shortest possible time.
Chess were invented many centuries ago, and still unknown who came up with them. Due to the limitation of events, the appearance of this game covered with many myths and legends.
What country is Motherland Chess? If you believe legends, the game takes its beginning in India.
History Chess
India - Motherland Chess. It is believed that they appeared in the first centuries of our era. Later, chess moved to different corners of the planet, and each people added something their own: changed the name of the game, the shape of the figure, however, the rules remained unchanged - to put the MAT King.
Chess historians are confident that the game came up with a not one specific person, but a big team of different nations, complementing and transforming it into different time. Opinions of scientists converge only in one: India is the country of Motherland Chess.
However, there are such Chinese historians who do not believe that the Indian chess origin is completely proven. They are looking for evidence confirming that the game came from China.
What is the homeland chess? There are no confirmation of confirmation of the Indian origin of the game, and the first mention of it in Chinese literature includes only 8 centies of our era. This only confirms that Motherland Chess is India.
The legends of the origin of chess are very interesting and unusual, consider some of them.
Brothers Gav and Talhand
A description of this legend was found at the Persian poet of Firdusi, who wrote the epic about a thousand years ago.
In one Indian kingdom, the Queen lived and the two of her twin Son Gav and Talhand. It was time for them to reign, but the mother could not decide who to put the king, as she loved the sons of lonely. Then Tsarevichi decided to arrange a fight, winning and will become the ruler. The battlefield was chosen on the seashore and surrounded by a moat with water. Created such conditions to retreat nowhere.
The condition of the tournament was not to kill each other, but defeat the enemy's army. The fight began, as a result of which Talhand died.
Having learned about the death of the Son, the queen fell into despair. Arriving Gava, she reproached in the murder of brother. However, he replied that he did not cause bodily harm to his brother, he himself died from the exhaustion of the body.
Queen asked to tell in detail how the battle happened. Hav together with people from his environment decided to recreate the battlefield. To do this, they took the board, the cells were placed and the figures depicting the warring on it were placed on it. The opposing troops put on opposite sides and placed in rows: infantry, cavalry and infantry again. In the middle row in the center stood Tsarevich, next to his chief assistant, then two figures of elephants, camels, horses and birds of ruh. Moving different figures, Tsarevich showed mothers, as the battle was held.
Thus, it can be seen that the ancient had 100 cells and the figures on it stood in three lines.
The most famous legend about chess and grain
This legend tells about how the inhibition of the brain's chess game rang the king.
One day, Brahmin, living in India, invented chess and clearly demonstrated how to play the ruling king to whom she really liked. For this, the king decided to fulfill any of his desire. Then Brahmin asked him to give him grain, while he said that he would not ask much. It is necessary only on the first cell to put one grains, on the second two, on the third four, on the fourth eight and for each next cell a twice of the grains from the previous cell.
The king agreed, however, when he began to fulfill the promised, the grain of his kingdom was over, and a lot of cells remained to the end of the board. Thus, the king rang.
Chaturanga game
Since the Motherland Chess is India, the progenitor of a modern chess game is considered to be the game of Chaturanga. The name indicates the presence of four components: infantry, cavalry, elephant, chariots. Playing should be four. A board consisting of 64 cells was divided into 4 parts and put in each of them: 4 pawns, one figure of an elephant, horse, rooks and king. The goal of the game is to defeat and destroy the enemy. The game was used dice, on throwing which the move was made.
Chaturanga from India moved to other Eastern countries and changed over time. The troops merged and compiled two teams, each of which turned out two kings. Then one king was replaced by an adviser. Walking the figures began to be for themselves, without the use of the king can not be killed, only block his movement on the board.
Converting figures
The existing, according to legends, over time was transformed into a root. This is due to the fact that Islam forbade the image of living beings. Therefore, when chess appears in Arab countries, the bird ruh has been changed, the wings were cut off: they turned out simply small protrusions on the top of the quadrangle. So the bird transformation happened in the root.
Thus, the origin of the game itself is covered by many legends and non-pieces, one is just known exactly that the Motherland Chess is India.
The game that appeared in ancient times won popularity worldwide. It from the military, it turned into a cognitive, stimulating and developing memory, logic, attention, while requiring a certain amplification.
Good day, dear friend!
The generally accepted opinion is that the origin of the Chess Indian. The specific authorship of the chess game has not yet been established. Who came up with chess? Historians believe that the invention of chess is the fruit of collective creativity of several peoples.
Motherland Chess
Regarding the origin of Chess there are several legends. The most loose such:
Approximately in the sixth century in India appeared a game called Chaturanga.
The board in the chaturant is as follows: four people play. Two against two. Each has its own "army" of a certain color. The task of the game is to destroy all the enemy figures.
Subsequently, as chaturants spread in the ancient East, the number of players decreased to two, and 16 figures each. That is, about the way we know chess today.
Interesting fact: In Chaturange, the moves were generated not by players, but as playing bones.
Historians converge that chess with the rules of the game, similar to modern, appeared in the 6th century. It is this time that the received manuscripts were dated, in which chess mentioned for the first time.
Spread the world
In about the 7th century, Chaturang became interested in Arabs, Chinese and other peoples of Southeast Asia. Accordingly, the game has undergone changes, including the name.
Shadrazza from Arabs, Persians - Stroke. In the East - Chinese Syanzi, through the sea - the Japanese version - Syogi. In Thailand - Makruk. These varieties still take the dominant position in the East.
At about 8 to 9 centuries, chess settled in Europe. Starting with Spain, where the Arabs "listed" the shtomage. Then France and by the end of the 9th century chess won the hearts of most nations of Europe, including Scandinavia.
In Russian land, chess, as historians say, first appeared straight from Persia about the ninth century. Then, as usual, the influence of Enlightened Europe and somewhere in the tenth, chess in Russia finally acquired European outlines.
Chess rules also undergo changing gradually.
Interesting fact: In Italy, in the eighteenth century, there was a rule: a pawn, when the transformation field is reached, can only become the figure that is currently missing on the board at the moment. Pawn on the last horizontal could stay pawn. The transformation occurred at the time of taking some kind of figure rival. The pawn became this painted figure.
Persecution
In 14-16 centuries, chess was practiced in a logical version, and in "gambling". The rules were similar to Chaturang rules. When the move was determined by the number that fell on the playing bones.
This kind of chess was perceived as a kind of game in the bone and were prohibited from the Church as a gambling.
Many government figures showed the rejection of "gambling" chess, equalizing chess to classes of idle pastime.
However, prohibitions are prohibitions, but chess applied in European culture more and more . By the way, including in the medium of the clergy. When excavations, chess were found and found almost in each estate of the 15th century.
Gradually, the prohibitions began to simply ignore. Moreover, in the court of court, diplomats, the skill is well played in chess recognized by the rule of good tone.
Development of theory
In the 16th and 17th century, Chess rules were gradually unified. It became possible to develop theoretical models of the game.
According to Filiga, a key role in the party is played by a mow. It is around the mossel chains that the whole game is being built.
In 1585, the first international tournament in Spain was held.
Kind of sport
Century from 17 begin to create chess clubs. The first professionals appeared.
Interesting fact: Italian Master Lorenzo Busnardo according to unconfirmed data, I will earned a whole condition in the 17th century, participating in tournaments.
In the 18th century, national championships were held, then international tournaments and matches.
Adolf Andersen was announced the first unofficial world champion, who won the tournament in London in 1851. Then the crown moved to the Semi Morphy, then returned to Andersen, after Morphy stopped playing.
Finally the first official world champion was Wilhelm Steinitz, who won the match I. Zuckers in 1886.
Another epoching event is setting time control. Initially were simple hourglass. The inventor of real chessings is the Englishman T. Soilson
It is with the control of time that the sports component is largely connected, which over time forced the world community to recognize chess as a sport.
Ways of Development Chess
In the 20th century, chess actively developed. A Soviet chess school has been a significant contribution to this process. In the USSR, chess cultivated and supported by the state.
With the collapse of the country in chess there was some stagnation. Chess is difficult to compete on entertainment and profitability with such types like a football for example.
FIDE is attempting to make tournaments more spectacular and attractive to sponsors. So, to change the circular, there was a knockout system and some other changes associated mainly by saving the game.
The end of the 20th century was marked by another epochable event - computerization of chess. Today, the best computer programs play a stronger person.
The deep study of the theory and computerization led to increasing the popularity of non-traditional types of chess. For example, where the value of the debut theory is almost negligible.
Yet chess in our country are reborn. This is a pleasant fact. There is confidence that this is not a one-time splash, but a long-term trend.
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According to the testimony of archaeological excavations - games associated with the movement of chips on the board, were known in 3-4 centuries. BC e. True age of the game known in the Western world as chesscovered mystery darkness.
Al-Biruni in the book "India" tells the legend that attributes the creation of a chess with some brahmin-mathematics about 1000 BC. When the ruler asked what to reward him for this wonderful game, the mathematician answered: "Let's put one grains on the first cage one grain, on the second - two, on the third - four and so on. So give me the amount of grain that will work out, If you fill all 64 cells. " The ruler was delighted, believing that we are talking about 2-3 bags, but if you calculate 2 in the 64th degree - it turns out that this number is more than all grain of the world.
For another legend, chess invented one eastern sage, whose name was Shishah, and he lived in Babylon. With him, sat on the throne of the young king of Amolny, who was very angry with the lower layers of society, especially the peasants. In the greatest despair, the peasants turned to Shishah, who enjoyed great respect for the royal court, and asked him to help. Mostly persuaded him to convince the king that the peasant is a person who benefits the state. In order for the king to convince this, Shishah invented chess and taught the king of a chess game. Thus, he proved him that the peasants, i.e. Pawns on the board are still the best guard of the king. The king understood this way the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe chess game and stopped oppressing the peasants, and his adviser generously awarded.
Based on another legend, chess invented the wife of King Ravan from Ceylon. When everything in his precipitated capital was all already fell by the Spirit and lost all the courage to fight, desperately, the King Ravan decided to give the enemy the city. But the king had a wife, Queen Ranalyan, a heroic woman, she invented a chess game to prove her husband that he should not surrender to the enemy until all the means of defense were exhausted until at least one pawn soldier will remain on the board while There is at least a weak hope of victory!
Scientific hypotheses pushed the time of creating chess even further, by 2-3 thousand years BC, based on archaeological discoveries in Egypt, Iraq, and India. However, since there are no references to the literature about this game until the 570th year AD, many historians recognize this particular date, like a chess birthday. The first mention of the chess game was in the Persian poem of 600 AD, and in this poem the invention of chess is attributed to India.
Raja Krishna Playing Ancient Chess Chaturanga
The oldest shaft form - military game Chaturanga - appeared in the first century n. e. In India, Chaturang was called the construction of troops, which included combat chariots (Ratha), elephants (hasti), Connection (Ashva) and hiking warriors (Padati). The game symbolized the battle with the participation of four types of troops, which led the leader. They were located at the corners of a 64-kpeat square board (Astapada), 4 people participated in the game. The movement of figures was determined by throwing bones. Chaturanga existed in India until the beginning of the 20th century. And over time, called "Casturraj" is a game of four kings; At the same time, the figures began to be painted in 4 colors - black, red, yellow and green.
In the first centuries of our era, the game was so widespread in Persia, which was considered a shame when an intelligent person did not know how to play it. The game of chess left traces in the then language, in symbols and metaphors, as well as poetry of that time.
The conversion of the Chaturant was the game of the Schtrag (Country), which originated in Central Asia at the end of the 5th early b centle. Had two "camps" figures and a new figure depicting the Counselor of the King - Farzin; Played two opponents. The goal of the game is to put the mat to the king of the opponent. So the "case of the case" replaced the "Mind game".
The penetration of chess from India in Ancient Iran (Persia) during the Board of Body of I Anushiravan (531-579), is described in the Persian Book of 650-750. The same book in the smallest details describes chess terminology and names and actions of various chess figures. Since before this book, there are no written mentions about chess in literature up to 6th century AD, many historians recognize this period of this period of chess birthday.
Mention of playing chess is also available in the poems of Firdusi, the Persian poet, who lived in the 10th century AD. The poem describes gifts that are raised by the envoys of Indian Raji to the yard of the Persian Sheikh Chosroy I Anushiravan. Among these gifts, according to the poem, there was a game depicting the battle of two armies. After the Persian Empire was conquered by the Arabs Muslims, the chess game began to spread through the civilized world.
It is proved that in Byzantium in the VI and VII century, our era, the game in chess was very popular. The Byzantine Emperor Nicoor's emperor in a letter to Califa Garuna Al Rashid makes comparison between the Fish on the board and his predecessor on the throne, Empress Irina.
In 8-9 centuries. The shuttles spread from Central Asia to the East and 3Apad, where he became known under the Arabic name of the Sharant.
In the shield (9-15 centuries), the terminology and alignment of the shapes of the shadra are preserved, but has changed appearance figures. In view of the prohibition of Islam images of living beings, the Arabs used miniature abstract figures in the form of small cylinders and cones, which simplified their manufacture and contributed to the spread of the game.
The strongest players of Chancend, along with Arabs - Al-Adli, etc. - there were immigrants from Central Asia - Abu Naim, Al Hadim, Arian, AS-Sudi, Al-Ladzladge, Abu Fath, and others. Among the patrons of the game were famous caliphs Harun-Ar-Rashid, al-Amin, Ack-Momun and others. The game developed slowly, since only the rooks, the king and horse went according to modern rules, the range of other figures was extremely limited. For example, the queen was moving only to one field diagonally.
Thanks to the abstract figures, the game gradually ceased to be perceived as a symbol of a military battle and became increasingly associated with everyday peripetias, which was reflected in the epic and treatises, according to the sacred chess game (Omar Khayam, Saadi, Nizami).
With the Arab period, the appearance of the so-called descriptive notation is connected and the appearance of a possible entry of the playd parties has become possible.
Directly on the West of Europe during the early Middle Ages, the Sharant Arabs were listed. Here, chess became known in the X-XI centuries, after the Arabs won Spain and Sicily. The game was a pronounced military character, so she was very well met in the Knight's medieval European countries.
From Spain, the game got to France, where, for example, Karl the Great was her a big fan.
Chess in medieval France
Also, from Spain and Sicily, chess gradually penetrated Italy, England, Scandinavian and other European countries, despite the most severe chasing of the church, prohibiting chess on a par with the game "in the bone" and other "demonic infurities".
Chess were brought to Spain by Moors, and the first mention of chess in the Christian world is contained in the Catalan Testament 1010 AD. Although chess were known in Europe and in earlier times. According to some legends, the dear set of chess figures was raised as a gift Carloman (8-9 century) from the famous Muslim ruler Garuna Al-Rashid.
There is a poem describing that chess existed at the court of the legendary king Arthur. Chess came to Germany in the 10th and 10th centuries, the earliest mention in the literature was made by the monk Frum von Tegermsee, in 1030-1050. It contains that Svetoslav Shurin from Croatia defeated Venetian Dodge Peter II in the game for the right to manage Dalmatian cities. By 10-11 centuries, chess were known in Scandinavia and later at the end of the 11th century, they from Italy reached Bohemia.
"Two ladies playing chess",
Illustration of the "Book of Games" King Castle Alfonso X Wise, Grandson Friedrich Barbarossa
Despite the violent resistance of the original Muslim, and then the Christian Church, (equivalent to chess to gambling In the bone and considered their "demonic navation", chess for some time were prohibited in Europe, because they were often used to play for money and argued that they were on themselves signs of paganism), nothing could stop the growing popularity of the game, which was confirmed numerous literary testimonies. Chess popularity continues to grow and soon the whole world knows and plays this very popular game of the ancient world.
In 14-15 centuries. The traditions of Eastern Chess in Europe were lost, and in 15-16 centuries. The departure was obvious from them after a number of changes in the rules of the moves of the pawns, an elephant and the queen.
On the territory of Russia, in Bulgaria, the game became known at about 10-12 centners. Important archaeological finds in Novgorod testify that chess, which were mainly distributed by Arabs, were in Russia directly from the Middle East. Until our days, the names of chess figures in Russia indicate their Persian and Arab roots.
Until our time reached a unique find - chess figurmanufactured by Novgorod masters in the XIV century. The figure was discovered near the Lord Chamber, the former Residence of the Novgorod Archbishop. The figure found is the king, it was made from a strong tree, most likely, from juniper (see exploy).
In the ancient Russian folk poems, there are mention of chess as popular game. At a later time, European chess fell to Russia from Italy, through Poland. There is an incorrect version, supposedly chess were brought to Russia during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Mongol-Tatars, in turn, learned about this game from Persians and Arabs.
Peter I, going to hiking, took with him not only chess, but also two regular partners. He was fond of chess and Catherine II. In 1796 Count A.S. Stroganov arranged for Catherine II and Swedish king Gustav IV, which celebrated in His country palace, a batch of living chess. In a meadow, where green and yellow turden laid out the "chessboard", the servants, disguised into medieval clothes, pczdwigly in accordance with the stroke of a chess pargais.
Chess among Russian intelligentsia were widely distributed. In the library A. S. Pushkin, the book of A. D. Petrov, half a century, former Russia's strongest chess player, was preserved in 1824. Chess gamelisted in the systematic order "with the author's donation; Pushkin was a subscriber of the first chess magazine" Palamned ", which began to go out in Paris in 1836
Despite the fact that chess were a popular game, until the end of the XIX century, Russia lagged behind the development of chess from England, France, Germany. The first Russian chess club opened in St. Petersburg only in 1853, and the first Russian chess journal saw the light in 1859.
The situation has changed at the beginning of the 20th century, when the St. Petersburg chess assembly arose from a private circle was founded, whose activities were very fruitful to popularize chess.
The club was opened on January 17, 1904, and in April 1914, the All-Russian Chess Union was established in the meeting at the meeting in House 10 on Foundry Prospekt.
The club conducted professional and amateur tournaments, comrade meetings between the national teams of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the sessions of the simultaneous game, published special literature. In the walls of the meeting housed the richest chess library in the country.
Historical options Chess
It is historically found that chess, in their original version, were a game for four people with four sets of figures. This game wore the initial name of the shuttles (on Sanskrit, the tatcher means "four", and the Anga means "detachment"). In the Persian literature, the times of the Sassanid dynasty (242-651 century AD), a book written in Pakhlavi (Middle Percidic) was found, which was called "Chess Tutorial". In modern Persian, the same word shtomage is the designation of modern chess. Popular historical theory says that the shafts (chess), according to Indian mysticism, represents the Universe. Four sides displays four elements - land, air, fire and water; as well as four years of year and four human temperaments. It is also approved that the word of chess occurred by the Persian "king" (Shah) and the term chess comes from the Persian "king died." Below is the evolution of European names of chess pieces from their ancient names of titles, which to date are used in India, Iran, and many other parts of the world.
It should be noted that although the names of chess pieces differ slightly in different parts Light, but their form and rules of movement are almost identical.
Arabs Muslim made probably the greatest impact on the game of chess than any other culture. The word "chess" originally comes from the Persian Shah (King) and Arabic word mat (died). The contribution of early Muslims to the game includes: the game blindly, mentioned in 700 AD, the first tournaments and qualifying tournaments, chess tasks described in the first book about Al-Adley chess. Al-Adly books contain debuts, the first chess tasks of Manzuba, distinguishes are discussed in the Persian and Indian rules of the game. Unfortunately, this valuable book is currently lost. However, a valuable Arabic manuscript of the beginning of the 9th century is kept in the Yugoslav library, which contains Mansuba. This manuscript was discovered in 1958. Some of these mansubes (chess tasks) were based on the legend "Mat Dilarama". According to legend, dilamar was a chess player who played money and lost all his property. In the last party, he put on his wife on Kon, but he played rashly and practically lost this party. However, his wife noticed that he could put the mat to his opponent if he would donate both his roots. The wife whispered to him in his ear, and he won the party.
The following table holds some of the ancient names of the figures, and their meanings:
They played on a round board, but the figures and their movement were similar to the Arab chess of the same period of time.
After penetrating chess to Europe, many books devoted to this game appeared. Probably, one of the most important and valuable of these books was written in the Middle Ages by the Spanish king of Alfonso Wisem in 1283. A wonderful book contains 150 color miniatures based on source Persian drawings. This book also includes a collection of endgames borrowed from Arabic literature. Chess passed through the history of many cultures and experienced their influence. Modern official rules of the game of chess are perfectly preserved and are not much different from those used another 1430 years ago.
Chess is a real culture mirror. Changed countries, the device has changed - the rules changed.
For example, the figure of the queen, "Queen," appeared only in the Middle Ages, when the noble lady began to play an important role, and she began to give honors in knightly tournaments. In the game, the role of Advisor King - Vizier in the eastern version of Chess has passed. The current freedom of movement, independence, "emancipation" of the queen was unthinkable until the end of the XV century.
Vintage game options are generally less dynamic, as the ancient society. In traditional Chinese chess "Mr." is not allowed, he maneuverates on a very small space - as if in the walls of the Imperial Palace. Indian Chaturanga followed the strict division of figures on the caste - priests, rulers, peasants, servants.
But in Japan, the military aristocratic system from the XII century allowed a man of noble origin, ready to apply due diligence, to achieve a quick take-off. And chess pieces were given the opportunity to raise their status. Yes, and in European chess pawn, reversible to the opposite edge of the board, turns into any shape - even in the queen.
In a new time, chess wanted to bring closer to changing reality. In the times of Nazism in Germany, "the game of the kings" tried to turn into the "game of Furrer": several leaders entered the battle, one of them had to suffer defeat. The game did not fit. Like fries.
A more diplomatic option was offered the famous Austrian composer Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951). In those invented chess on the board, airplanes and submarines appeared on the board, but negotiations and alliances were allowed. Moreover, four "powers" immediately played out - one on each side of the board, as in the ancient Indian "quarters"
In 1909 enclosure, allegedly depicts the game in Chess Hitler and Lenin. It is even signed by both by both on the back.
No matter how cool, chess appeared in India! Is this statement true? We will learn about this today. Let's see where chess was invented, there are many versions of the history of the game, and which one is proved.
Motherland Chess
Where did the chess invented?
Versions of creating this board game, really, quite a lot. How old is chess? The first legend says that chess invented a mathematician from India approximately 1000 BC. The same mathematician is known in that he invented such a famous mathematical action as the extermination. These two events are closely related to each other. The ruler liked the board game of chess so much that he wanted to thank mathematics, but did not know than. Then the mathematician said that he can thank it with grain in the amount that would fill in all 64 cells of the chessboard on the following principle ... First, it is necessary to put 1 grains on the first cell on the first cell, on the third - 4 and t. d. The ruler did not know that 2 in 64 degrees of grain were not found all over the world, so it was fascinating, thinking about 2-3 grain bags.
The legend, of course, was beautiful, but did not lead it. However, it happened with the second version that the game of chess was invented in the second or third millennium BC. This version It is based only on excavations of archaeologists again in India, Egypt, Iraq.
Historians include the invention of chess by 570 AD. And the country where the chess invented, consider India. After all, for the first time O. desktop game Chess was mentioned in the Persian poem, which says that chess is invented in India. The Persian book is proof of the theory of the invention of chess, since it indicates all the game terminology, various actions of figures and. The book describes how chess made from India to Persia (that is, in ancient Iran). In the works of the Persian poet, Firdii can also find information on how the envoys of Indian Raji presented the gifts of Shahih Persia Chosroi I Anushiravan, and one of the gifts were those chess. Chess divided into all civilized countries after Persia conquered Arabs Muslims.
Chess has come to Russia directly from Eastern countries, so they say archaeological excavations and still have the names of certain chess pieces. And in Russia in poems wrote about chess as a popular game. And chess to the European manner were brought to us through Poland from Italy.
It turns out that whatever legend is a true, country where chess invented is India.