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Where chess come from. The history of the occurrence of chess. Some interesting facts from the history of chess

No matter how cool, chess appeared in India! Is this statement true? We will learn about this today. Let's see where chess was invented, there are many versions of the history of the game, and which one is proved.

Motherland Chess

Where did the chess invented?

Versions of creating this board game, really, quite a lot. How old is chess? The first legend says that chess invented a mathematician from India approximately 1000 BC. The same mathematician is known in that he invented such a famous mathematical action as the extermination. These two events are closely related to each other. The ruler liked the board game of chess so much that he wanted to thank mathematics, but did not know than. Then the mathematician said that he can thank it with grain in the amount that would fill in all 64 cells of the chessboard on the following principle ... First, it is necessary to put 1 grains on the first cell on the first cell, on the third - 4 and t. d. The ruler did not know that 2 in 64 degrees of grain were not found all over the world, so it was fascinating, thinking about 2-3 grain bags.

The legend, of course, was beautiful, but did not lead it. However, it happened with the second version that the game of chess was invented in the second or third millennium BC. This version It is based only on excavations of archaeologists again in India, Egypt, Iraq.

Historians include the invention of chess by 570 AD. And the country where the chess invented, consider India. After all, for the first time O. desktop game Chess was mentioned in the Persian poem, which says that chess is invented in India. The Persian book is proof of the theory of the invention of chess, since it indicates all the game terminology, various actions of figures and. The book describes how chess made from India to Persia (that is, in ancient Iran). In the works of the Persian poet, Firdii can also find information on how the envoys of Indian Raji presented the gifts of Shahih Persia Chosroi I Anushiravan, and one of the gifts were those chess. Chess divided into all civilized countries after Persia conquered Arabs Muslims.

Chess has come to Russia directly from Eastern countries, so they say archaeological excavations and still have the names of certain chess pieces. And in Russia in poems wrote about chess as a popular game. And chess to the European manner were brought to us through Poland from Italy.

It turns out that whatever legend is a true, country where chess invented is India.

A classmate invited a classmate in the fifth of me on a chess circle. Classes were held at school after lessons, and we had a wonderful coach who loved her job. It is from him for the first time he heard the history of the invention " games kings».

Where chess were invented

Chess were invented in India approximately in the V-VI centuries. Interesting story associated with this event. One Brahmin as a gratitude for his game asked Raji to put so much grain on each cell so much grain so that it is equal to the number equal to twice as much as on the previous cell. Raja agreed, without thinking that such a number of grain simply physically did not exist.

First profaitelchess was a game chaturanga:

  1. Were playing four peopleparam.
  2. There was no queen (Queen) and only 4 pawns, one king, horse, roaster and elephant. On the board there were 4 king at once: two white and two black.
  3. The figures were completely different and went too.
  4. On the movement of figures influenced dice .

Next, chess penetrated on arab territorywhere received their conversion and the new name - schtartj. After the game spread in Thailand, in Russia, in Europe. Exactly at Europethe game brought by oriental conquerors has acquired modern views and rules.


Chess in Russia

In Russia, there is the only one in the world city of Chess. In fact, it is a district russian city Elistalocated in Republic of Kalmykia. Built this area specifically to hold 33rd Chess Olympiad 1998.

At the moment, he even acquired a special status, has its own management. Personally, I learned about this city, immediately remembered the book "Game in Beads". There, too, there was a similar place that had its own structure and government.

Russian history chess has great amount great chess players:


I advise everyone to master this game that helps to think logically, build strategies and develops foresight of thinking.

Tyutyrina Natalia Andreevna

This work is devoted to the issues of the history of the chess and the history of origin of the name of chess figures.

This work will be useful for students. elementary school And all lovers of a chess game.

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Preview:

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school № 55

Chess and Chess Figures:

The history of the origin of the name

Work on school scientific

practical conference

"Youth. The science. Success."

Tyutyrina Natalya

Student 3 "in" class

Leader:

Tyutyrina Tatyana Rafisovna

primary school teacher

Irkutsk, 2013.

P

Introduction ........................................................................... 3.

  1. Chess - the game of kings ................................................... 4
  2. E2 - E4 ........................................................................ ..6
  3. Tours on wheels ......................................................... ... 8
  4. Animal or man? .............................................. .......................10
  5. First Minister or Curious Essentials? .................................... 12

Conclusion .......................................................................13

List of references ............................................................ .14

Appendix ....................................................................................15

Introduction

"... not playing women in chess? !!!"

(Grand Duke Kiev Vladimir Red Sunny

from the cartoon "Vasilisa Mikulishna")

Chess is one of the most famous and popular games on the planet. This game has a very ancient and interesting story.

Each cultural and educated person around the world has an idea of \u200b\u200bchess, many know how to play this game, know the rules, ethics of chess, naming figures. However, few people thought about where the name of this game came from - "Chess", why "Ladya" looks like a tower of a medieval castle, and not on a combat ship ancient Russia, And the graphic and curly image of a chess "elephant" so little resembles a large, strong and kind animal.Why not otherwise?

The purpose of our research - Find an answer to this question.

Object research is a gameChess and Figures Her components.

To achieve our goal of research, we will need to plug in the ages, trace the story of the origin and changes in those words that designate chess pieces and solve the followingtasks and answer questions:

1) What does the word "chess" mean?;

  1. Find out why the pawn is called "soul chess party»?;
  2. To figure out what is common between a huge animal, officer, and the minister of the church?;
  3. Find a connection between the medieval castle, the ship and the mythical bird ruh;
  4. Why is the queen stronger than the king?

1. Chess - Kings game

"Chess is too game for science and too science for the game"

(Lesing)

There is a legend. A long time ago, a despotic Raja lived in India. One of the approximate (Brahman-Priest) decided to show the ruler, how depends on the subjects, and invented the game where the king (King, Shah), although he is the main figure, but little means without supporting and protecting other figures.

The game turned out to be surprisingly interesting, and, not noticed by a moral hint, Raja offered any remuneration to the Creator. Brahman expressed the desire to receive the award of bread grains, but so that one grains gave him for the first cell of the chessboard, for the second - two, for the third - four, then eight, sixteen, etc., and so on.

Since on the board only sixty-four cells, Raja thought to do with one or two bags, but it turned out that all over the world could not find so many grains as it would be necessary to satisfy the wish of a cunning inventor (264 - 1 ≈1,845 × 1019 what is enough to fill the storage of 180 km3 ).

Ancient, primitive shaft form - military game "Chaturant" - originated in this country in the first five hundred thousand N. e. From India, the game penetrates China, Iran. The peoples of Central Asia contribute a great contribution to the development of chess. After the conquest of Central Asia, Arabs in the VIII century n. e. Chess is distributed on the extensive territory of the Arab Caliphate. Then, through the Arab conquerors, the game falls into Spain and, in general, to Europe.

To the eastern Slavs of Chess, in the opinion of some historians, penetrated into the V-VI centuries. AD From India or from Central Asia.

But still, the world of man, the world of culture is so wide and diverse that games with very ancient historysimilar to classic chess, we can find many nations.

For example, in the old days in Russia there was a game very similar to chess. It was called "Tales". Despite the differences in the rules of the game, the figures were called:

Volkhv - King

Prince - Queen

Ratoborets - Ladia

Archer - Elephant

Rider - horse

Warrior - Peshka

The name of this game comes from two words -"Shah" - the king, and "Mat" - died. Two rivals, moving on 64th cells of the game board their figures, should create an opponent for the king "such a situation when the next move will lead to his" death ". Total chess figures 32 - 16 white and 16 black. On each side, 8 pawns are played, two rooks, two horses, two elephants, one queen and one king. Each figure moves through the playing field in accordance with the established rules.

2. E2 - E4.

"Pawn - Melonga, a small person,

zero without sticks, merkota,

Small Tshaka ... "(Dictionary of Ozhegova)

"The bad soldier,

which does not dream of becoming a general "(Russian proverb)

In the ordinary speech, the word "pawn", apparently, came from chess. In everyday life, it is used with a negative tint when they want to note insignificance, smallness, human agenicity.

Pawn is the lowest digit of figures in a chess game. It is the main unit of measuring chess material (in chess it is not customary to call the figure). In the foot equivalent measure the "weight" of other figures (the light figure is about equivalent to three pawns, the rook - five).

However, the famous Master of the game F. Fildor believed that the pawn - "Soul of the Chess Party", and the structure of a pawn arrangement determines the strategic picture of the party.

To resolve this contradiction, we need to find out the history of the origin of the word "pawn".

The image of the pawn on chess diagrams and the chess figures themselves remotely resemble a person in a military helmet or helmet, and the initial arrangement of the pawns on the game board is the construction of troops before the battle. The pawns are put into line in front of the main figures, as if covering them and taking over the first strike of the enemy.

Since ancient times, the main combat unit of the armies of the whole world wasinfantryman - a hiking warrior, armed with a sword, a spear or a gun, and the genus of troops, consisting of trains of infantrymen calledinfantry . Fortress, city and settlements The enemy was considered occupied only when infantry leg came there.

Pawns in the chess party play a very big role. In the debut, the first walking moves allow an experienced player to take possession of the game space (in this battle it is a seizure of reference points, important heights). Pawns can serve to protect and support the main figures (in the modern army tanks without the help of infantry soldiers are helpless). And finally, one of the rules of Chess - the pawn, which passed through the entire field, turns into any strong figure, even in Queen. How not to remember the traditions of the many armies of the world, including Russian, when ordinary soldiers, the first on the walls of the opponent's fortress, became an officer and nobleman!

Thus, the pawn has a lot in common with brave, but often unnamed, hero - a soldier-infantryman, and his name, apparently, she is obliged to him.

3. Tours on wheels

No strong fortress, nor desperate defense,

how Izmail, Fallen Bloodstorming!

(Rosport A.V. Suvorova G.A. Potemkin)

"For centuries before Alfred

built British ships,

russian courts fought in desperate marine fighting;

and a thousand years ago

first sailors of that time

were they, Russian ... "

(F.Jain, English Writer)

The chess figure "Rye" with its own kind and silhouette on the graphic image resembles a tower of a medieval castle. And it is not by chance. The fact is that this game came to Europe in the Middle Ages. In the VIII-IX centuries, when conquering Spain, Arabs chess got to Spain, then for several decades - in Portugal, Italy and France. The game quickly won the sympathies of Europeans, for the XI century it was already known in all countries of Europe and Scandinavia. By the XV century, chess acquired, in general, modern appearance. And as we know, most hostilities in the Middle Ages are associated with the assault of huge stone structures, the dwellings of noble feudal and kings - castles. In European languages, the name of this figure and means - the castle (eg in english language "Castle").

In Russian, there is another name of the rook -"Tour". In Russia, the Turkey or Tourus was called a siege tower on wheels, which was specifically built from the tree and was intended for the assault of the fortress walls of cities or castles. The structure of such towers is a matter of very long and troublesome. Perhaps hence the saying "Dilute Tours on Wheels", which is used in the situation of useless, worthless long conversations.

However, in Russian, the most sustainable name of this chess figure -"Lady". Why?

It seems to us that this is due to the fact that chess came to Russia directly from Asia through merchants or oriental merchants. In Arab countries, this chess figure was often performed in the form of a mythical bird ruh, the character of Arab fairy tales. This huge Bird of Fiercely Nrava hunted the elephants to feed their chicks. The image of the head of this monster often decorated the nose of the warships of Russian warriors - the rooks. In this example, we can see how in Russian land there is a mixing of two worlds - Asian and European.

4. Animal or man?

"Oliphant! There is, it means, olindants, and I saw one!

This is life! But at home, who will believe me?

Well, if you won't show anything else, I went to bed. "

(John R.R. Tolkien "Lord of the Rings")

Elephant is the largest mammal with a long trunk, two testers and very thick skin, which lives in India and Africa. The famous commander Alexander Macedonsky, during one of his conquesting campaigns, collided with the army, in whose combat orders he saw amazing, enormous animals, on whose backs in special baskets were the archer warriors. These were combat elephants. Therefore, it is not by chance in Indian and Arabic versions of Chess, a worthy place has been a worthy place and this kind of troops, and chess figures were small sculptures of these animals. Name -"Elephant" - Started in Russian.

However, if you look at modern figures and chess diagrams, we will find very little common between them and representatives of the animal world. Rather, they look like a person or a kind of headdress.

In Russia, "elephant" is also called "officer" . The officer in the army is a person who, by virtue of his experience and special knowledge, commanded ordinary soldiers and held various military positions.

In English, this figure is calledbishop - "Bishop ", And, if you carefully look at, it has similarities with Metroi - the cap of the Catholic priest. We know that the game of chess, like many other games, was not approved, and often prohibited the medieval church. Where did the bishop come from chess?

In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church had a very big impact on the life of society. The head of this church, Pope, wanted to even take the spiritual and secular power in his hands. The church is very cruelly punished for crimes against her. Relief, torture and burning at the fire threatened with any person - and a noble nobleman, and a simple peasant. Even the kings inclined their head in front of people in mitra. Despite the tough persecution from the church, the chess played and loved this game very much, and not only noble venomazb, but also ordinary people. However, fear and adolescence in front of the church were reflected in the fact that one of the main strong chess figures was assigned a high church San - Bishop, and it was depicted in the form of a headquarters of the priest.

5. First Minister or Crowned Essentials?

"But that's what I tell you, Your Majesty:

you did not stick to you on the grass!

Queen should behave with dignity! "

(Lewis Carroll "Alice in the Looking Game")

The strongest figure on the chessboard - "Queen "or" Queen " . How happened that the queen in chess is more powerful than the king and very often it plays a major role in defeating the enemy? In history, the mighty kings of Warriors, who headed their armies and actively participated in battles, and their queens wives at that time were waiting in the palaces or castles of their spouses with a victory.

We have two hypotheses on this.

First, as already mentioned earlier, chess to Europe came with Arabs who won almost all of Spain. After a while, the peoples who inhabited this land began the struggle for independence - the reconquist. The spouses were a major role in this struggle - Queen of Castile Isabella and the king Aragon Ferdinand. These two states united into a single Spanish kingdom, and Isabella's troops and Ferdinand finally expelled Arabs from their country. Queen Isabella Castilskaya entered the story as a wise politician and a beautiful woman who is not inferior to the courage men. In addition, she really loved playing chess and was a strong player. It is possible that this chess figure is called "Queen" in memory of Queen Isabelle.

The second assumption is associated with the eastern origin of this game. "The queen" comes from the Persian "FERTZ" - a commander or advisor. Thus called a man who was the right hand of the ruler. If you remember the Arab fairy tales, the character meets (as a rule, negative) - Vizier, the first minister of state. He was always near Padishah, he was aware of all cases in the state, and also replaced his lord in military campaigns. It was the most influential person in the country and often even Sultan himself was afraid of his minister.

Conclusion

Summing up our research, you can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Chess have a very long history and originate from Eastern countries - India and Persia.
  2. On Rus, this game penetrated on both sides: from the east (India, Arab countries) and from the West (European countries).
  3. This fact was reflected not only in the external form of figures, but also in their name.
  4. Despite the influence of the East and West, the names of some figures (for example, pawn, rook, tour) originate from Russian words.

Bibliography

1. Karpov A.E., Gick E.Ya. "Chess kaleidoscope". - M.: "Science", 1981. - 208 p.

2. Gick E.Ya. "Conversations about Chess" - M. 1985.

3. Linder I.M. "At the sources of chess culture." - M.: "Knowledge", 1967. - 352 p.

4. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language - M.: Publishing House Onyx Peace and Education, 2006.

5. Ushakov D.N. Orphographic dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Stockedgiz, 1937. - 162 p.

8. http://www.istorya.ru/articles/shahmaty.php.

ATTACHMENT

Fig.1. Modern classic chess.

Fig. 2. Chess diagram.

Fig. 3. White and black pawns

Fig. 4. Infantry. Reconstruction of armor. Prince Dmitry Ivanovich's army.

Fig. 5. Black and white rook.

Fig. 6. Medieval castle.

Fig. 7. Reconstruction warry Slavs (Rye).

Fig. 8 and 9. White "Elephant". War Elephant of the Persian Army.

Fig. 10. Graphic image of the "Elephant" figure on chess diagrams.

Fig. 11. Catholic bishop.

According to the testimony of archaeological excavations - games associated with the movement of chips on the board, were known in 3-4 centuries. BC e. True age of the game known in the Western world as chesscovered mystery darkness.

Al-Biruni in the book "India" tells the legend that attributes the creation of a chess with some brahmin-mathematics about 1000 BC. When the ruler asked what to reward him for this wonderful game, the mathematician answered: "Let's put one grains on the first cage one grain, on the second - two, on the third - four and so on. So give me the amount of grain that will work out, If you fill all 64 cells. " The ruler was delighted, believing that we are talking about 2-3 bags, but if you calculate 2 in the 64th degree - it turns out that this number is more than all grain of the world.

For another legend, chess invented one eastern sage, whose name was Shishah, and he lived in Babylon. With him, sat on the throne of the young king of Amolny, who was very angry with the lower layers of society, especially the peasants. In the greatest despair, the peasants turned to Shishah, who enjoyed great respect for the royal court, and asked him to help. Mostly persuaded him to convince the king that the peasant is a person who benefits the state. In order for the king to convince this, Shishah invented chess and taught the king of a chess game. Thus, he proved him that the peasants, i.e. Pawns on the board are still the best guard of the king. The king understood this way the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe chess game and stopped oppressing the peasants, and his adviser generously awarded.

Based on another legend, chess invented the wife of King Ravan from Ceylon. When everything in his precipitated capital was all already fell by the Spirit and lost all the courage to fight, desperately, the King Ravan decided to give the enemy the city. But the king had a wife, Queen Ranalyan, a heroic woman, she invented a chess game to prove her husband that he should not surrender to the enemy until all the means of defense were exhausted until at least one pawn soldier will remain on the board while There is at least a weak hope of victory!

Scientific hypotheses pushed the time of creating chess even further, by 2-3 thousand years BC, based on archaeological discoveries in Egypt, Iraq, and India. However, since there are no references to the literature about this game until the 570th year AD, many historians recognize this particular date, like a chess birthday. The first mention of the chess game was in the Persian poem of 600 AD, and in this poem the invention of chess is attributed to India.


Raja Krishna Playing Ancient Chess Chaturanga

The oldest form of Chess - the military game Chaturanga - appeared in the first century n. e. In India, Chaturang was called the construction of troops, which included combat chariots (Ratha), elephants (hasti), Connection (Ashva) and hiking warriors (Padati). The game symbolized the battle with the participation of four types of troops, which led the leader. They were located at the corners of a 64-kpeat square board (Astapada), 4 people participated in the game. The movement of figures was determined by throwing bones. Chaturanga existed in India until the beginning of the 20th century. And over time, called "Casturraj" is a game of four kings; At the same time, the figures began to be painted in 4 colors - black, red, yellow and green.

In the first centuries of our era, the game was so widespread in Persia, which was considered a shame when an intelligent person did not know how to play it. The game of chess left traces in the then language, in symbols and metaphors, as well as poetry of that time.

The conversion of the Chaturant was the game of the Schtrag (Country), which originated in Central Asia at the end of the 5th early b centle. Had two "camps" figures and a new figure depicting the Counselor of the King - Farzin; Played two opponents. The goal of the game is to put the mat to the king of the opponent. So the "case of the case" replaced the "Mind game".

The penetration of chess from India in Ancient Iran (Persia) during the Board of Body of I Anushiravan (531-579), is described in the Persian Book of 650-750. The same book in the smallest details describes chess terminology and names and actions of various chess figures. Since before this book, there are no written mentions about chess in literature up to 6th century AD, many historians recognize this period of this period of chess birthday.


Mention of playing chess is also available in the poems of Firdusi, the Persian poet, who lived in the 10th century AD. The poem describes gifts that are raised by the envoys of Indian Raji to the yard of the Persian Sheikh Chosroy I Anushiravan. Among these gifts, according to the poem, there was a game depicting the battle of two armies. After the Persian Empire was conquered by the Arabs Muslims, the chess game began to spread through the civilized world.

It is proved that in Byzantium in the VI and VII century, our era, the game in chess was very popular. The Byzantine Emperor Nicoor's emperor in a letter to Califa Garuna Al Rashid makes comparison between the Fish on the board and his predecessor on the throne, Empress Irina.

In 8-9 centuries. The shuttles spread from Central Asia to the East and 3Apad, where he became known under the Arabic name of the Sharant.


In the Schtartzh (9-15 centuries), terminology and alignment of the shapes of the shadra are preserved, but the appearance of the figures has changed. In view of the prohibition of Islam images of living beings, the Arabs used miniature abstract figures in the form of small cylinders and cones, which simplified their manufacture and contributed to the spread of the game.

The strongest players of Chancend, along with Arabs - Al-Adli, etc. - there were immigrants from Central Asia - Abu Naim, Al Hadim, Arian, AS-Sudi, Al-Ladzladge, Abu Fath, and others. Among the patrons of the game were famous caliphs Harun-Ar-Rashid, al-Amin, Ack-Momun and others. The game developed slowly, since only the rooks, the king and horse went according to modern rules, the range of other figures was extremely limited. For example, the queen was moving only to one field diagonally.


Thanks to the abstract figures, the game gradually ceased to be perceived as a symbol of a military battle and became increasingly associated with everyday peripetias, which was reflected in the epic and treatises, according to the sacred chess game (Omar Khayam, Saadi, Nizami).

With the Arab period, the appearance of the so-called descriptive notation is connected and the appearance of a possible entry of the playd parties has become possible.

Directly on the West of Europe during the early Middle Ages, the Sharant Arabs were listed. Here, chess became known in the X-XI centuries, after the Arabs won Spain and Sicily. The game was a pronounced military character, so she was very well met in the Knight's medieval European countries.


From Spain, the game got to France, where, for example, Karl the Great was her a big fan.

Chess in medieval France

Also, from Spain and Sicily, chess gradually penetrated Italy, England, Scandinavian and other European countries, despite the most severe chasing of the church, prohibiting chess on a par with the game "in the bone" and other "demonic infurities".

Chess were brought to Spain by Moors, and the first mention of chess in the Christian world is contained in the Catalan Testament 1010 AD. Although chess were known in Europe and in earlier times. According to some legends, the dear set of chess figures was raised as a gift Carloman (8-9 century) from the famous Muslim ruler Garuna Al-Rashid.

There is a poem describing that chess existed at the court of the legendary king Arthur. Chess came to Germany in the 10th and 10th centuries, the earliest mention in the literature was made by the monk Frum von Tegermsee, in 1030-1050. It contains that Svetoslav Shurin from Croatia defeated Venetian Dodge Peter II in the game for the right to manage Dalmatian cities. By 10-11 centuries, chess were known in Scandinavia and later at the end of the 11th century, they from Italy reached Bohemia.


"Two ladies playing chess",
Illustration of the "Book of Games" King Castle Alfonso X Wise, Grandson Friedrich Barbarossa

Despite the fierce resistance of the original Muslim, and then the Christian Church, (equated chess to gambling in the bone and considered them "demonic navation", chess for some time were prohibited in Europe, because they were often used to play for money and was alleged, that they carry signs of paganism), nothing could stop the growing popularity of the game, which is confirmed by numerous literary testimonies. Chess popularity continues to grow and soon the whole world knows and plays this very popular game of the ancient world.

In 14-15 centuries. The traditions of Eastern Chess in Europe were lost, and in 15-16 centuries. The departure was obvious from them after a number of changes in the rules of the moves of the pawns, an elephant and the queen.

On the territory of Russia, in Bulgaria, the game became known at about 10-12 centners. Important archaeological finds in Novgorod testify that chess, which were mainly distributed by Arabs, were in Russia directly from the Middle East. Until our days, the names of chess figures in Russia indicate their Persian and Arab roots.

Until our time reached a unique find - chess figurmanufactured by Novgorod masters in the XIV century. The figure was discovered near the Lord Chamber, the former Residence of the Novgorod Archbishop. The figure found is the king, it was made from a strong tree, most likely, from juniper (see exploy).

In the ancient Russian folk poems there are mention of chess as a popular game. At a later time, European chess fell to Russia from Italy, through Poland. There is an incorrect version, supposedly chess were brought to Russia during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Mongol-Tatars, in turn, learned about this game from Persians and Arabs.

Peter I, going to hiking, took with him not only chess, but also two regular partners. He was fond of chess and Catherine II. In 1796 Count A.S. Stroganov arranged for Catherine II and Swedish king Gustav IV, which celebrated in His country palace, a batch of living chess. In a meadow, where green and yellow turden laid out the "chessboard", the servants, disguised into medieval clothes, pczdwigly in accordance with the stroke of a chess pargais.

Chess among Russian intelligentsia were widely distributed. In the library A. S. Pushkin, the book A. D. Petrov, half a century of the strongest chess player of Russia, was preserved in 1824, "a chess game given in the systematic order" with the author's domestic inscription; Pushkin was a subscriber of the first chess magazine "Palaes", which began to go out in Paris in 1836

Despite the fact that chess were popular game, By the end of the XIX century, Russia marked noticeably in terms of the development of chess from England, France, Germany. The first Russian chess club opened in St. Petersburg only in 1853, and the first Russian chess journal saw the light in 1859.

The situation has changed at the beginning of the 20th century, when the St. Petersburg chess assembly arose from a private circle was founded, whose activities were very fruitful to popularize chess.

The club was opened on January 17, 1904, and in April 1914, the All-Russian Chess Union was established in the meeting at the meeting in House 10 on Foundry Prospekt.

The club conducted professional and amateur tournaments, comrade meetings between the national teams of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the sessions of the simultaneous game, published special literature. In the walls of the meeting housed the richest chess library in the country.

Historical options Chess

It is historically found that chess, in their original version, were a game for four people with four sets of figures. This game wore the initial name of the shuttles (on Sanskrit, the tatcher means "four", and the Anga means "detachment"). In the Persian literature, the times of the Sassanid dynasty (242-651 century AD), a book written in Pakhlavi (Middle Percidic) was found, which was called "Chess Tutorial". In modern Persian, the same word shtomage is the designation of modern chess. Popular historical theory says that the shafts (chess), according to Indian mysticism, represents the Universe. Four sides displays four elements - land, air, fire and water; as well as four years of year and four human temperaments. It is also approved that the word of chess occurred by the Persian "king" (Shah) and the term chess comes from the Persian "king died." Below is the evolution of European names of chess pieces from their ancient names of titles, which to date are used in India, Iran, and many other parts of the world.

It should be noted that although the names of chess pieces differ slightly in different parts Light, but their form and rules of movement are almost identical.

Arabs Muslim made probably the greatest impact on the game of chess than any other culture. The word "chess" originally comes from the Persian Shah (King) and Arabic word mat (died). The contribution of early Muslims to the game includes: the game blindly, mentioned in 700 AD, the first tournaments and qualifying tournaments, chess tasks described in the first book about Al-Adley chess. Al-Adly books contain debuts, the first chess tasks of Manzuba, distinguishes are discussed in the Persian and Indian rules of the game. Unfortunately, this valuable book is currently lost. However, a valuable Arabic manuscript of the beginning of the 9th century is kept in the Yugoslav library, which contains Mansuba. This manuscript was discovered in 1958. Some of these mansubes (chess tasks) were based on the legend "Mat Dilarama". According to legend, dilamar was a chess player who played money and lost all his property. In the last party, he put on his wife on Kon, but he played rashly and practically lost this party. However, his wife noticed that he could put the mat to his opponent if he would donate both his roots. The wife whispered to him in his ear, and he won the party.

The following table holds some of the ancient names of the figures, and their meanings:

They played on a round board, but the figures and their movement were similar to the Arab chess of the same period of time.

After penetrating chess to Europe, many books devoted to this game appeared. Probably, one of the most important and valuable of these books was written in the Middle Ages by the Spanish king of Alfonso Wisem in 1283. A wonderful book contains 150 color miniatures based on source Persian drawings. This book also includes a collection of endgames borrowed from Arabic literature. Chess passed through the history of many cultures and experienced their influence. Modern official rules of the game of chess are perfectly preserved and are not much different from those used another 1430 years ago.

Chess is a real culture mirror. Changed countries, the device has changed - the rules changed.

For example, the figure of the queen, "Queen," appeared only in the Middle Ages, when the noble lady began to play an important role, and she began to give honors in knightly tournaments. In the game, the role of Advisor King - Vizier in the eastern version of Chess has passed. The current freedom of movement, independence, "emancipation" of the queen was unthinkable until the end of the XV century.

Vintage game options are generally less dynamic, as the ancient society. In traditional Chinese chess "Mr." is not allowed, he maneuverates on a very small space - as if in the walls of the Imperial Palace. Indian Chaturanga followed the strict division of figures on the caste - priests, rulers, peasants, servants.

But in Japan, the military aristocratic system from the XII century allowed a man of noble origin, ready to apply due diligence, to achieve a quick take-off. AND chess Figures Provided the ability to raise your status. Yes, and in European chess pawn, reversible to the opposite edge of the board, turns into any shape - even in the queen.

In a new time, chess wanted to bring closer to changing reality. In the times of Nazism in Germany, "the game of the kings" tried to turn into the "game of Furrer": several leaders entered the battle, one of them had to suffer defeat. The game did not fit. Like fries.

A more diplomatic option was offered the famous Austrian composer Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951). In those invented chess on the board, airplanes and submarines appeared on the board, but negotiations and alliances were allowed. Moreover, four "powers" immediately played out - one on each side of the board, as in the ancient Indian "quarters"

In 1909 enclosure, allegedly depicts the game in Chess Hitler and Lenin. It is even signed by both by both on the back.

One of the most ancient and fascinating games - Chess. She is known in any corner globeTherefore, there are dozens of its variations in the world. This is not just a game, because chess has long been a sport and art. Chess marking is used in almost all spheres of life, and the game algorithm is used for scientific purposes. But where is her homeland and who came up with it? There is still no unambiguous and plausible opinion. Scientists argue, putting forward their versions.

The controversial version

Some editions with confidence declare that chess appeared in India somewhere in the VI century. e. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was possible to read in the book Harold Murray "Story Chess". Yes, I invented the game exactly there and at that time, but invented it much earlier. Scientists seriously took up the study of this topic and found many of the most different versions, which sometimes surprise the facts.

If you consider India as the ancestor of Chess, it is worth remembering the famous legend of Raj and Brahmin. After numerous hiking, victories and defeats, the lords are tired and labored. Raja ordered his advisers and sages to come up with fun to him, for which she took 3 days and nights. No one could satisfy him and interest him, except for a modest peasant, who brought the board with cells and wooden figures. When Raja learned the conditions of the game, his joy was not borders.

It was the fact that so long they tried to find. In return, the peasant demanded a modest award - several wheat bins. But set the condition: the amount should increase with each cell of the board (1 cell - 1 grains, 2 cells - 2, 3 cells - 2 2, 4 cells - 2 3, ..., 64 cells - 2 64). Raja first ridiculed the stupid brain, but only then he understood his mistake. On the entire planet there is no such grain, because after calculations, the final amount is equal to - 1.8 * 10 19. This board was a combat field of modern chess, which is translated from the Persian - "Death of the King".

There is another option - Korean legend. Once 4500 years ago, the prototype of modern chess was the game that the Terrible Tsar Mesopotamia was invented by Ravan for his beloved wife Mandodari. He had to be missing for a long time because of numerous campaigns, so his spouse often saddled. Chess are so interested in all residents of the palace, that they spread around the world (India, China, Korea).

Curious, but this is a real documentary confirmation. At the beginning of the 20th century, the background Bork proved the presence of a prototype of the game. According to his information, it appeared in 1250 BC. e. in Industan. Representatives of the local tribe played in it, borrowed ancient fun in Elame (the current South-West Iran).

Now it is impossible to accurately install it, because at the time under the word chess people could combine different games: bones, backgammon, chaupa, or pacyment. All these options have one common - a square or cruciform board. We can only guess what of them were first.

Ancient games on boards

So, at that time there were 2 options for boards: with a square or cross. Dimensions are also different. In Asia, such:

  • 5 to 5;
  • 7 to 7;
  • 9 to 9.

The rules of the game are somewhat different from the established modern, because then it was possible to play not only together, but in four. In some embodiments, the game began with the middle of the field, in other moves it was necessary from the edge (from the fortress). The movement could be spiral or in the form of a special labyrinth. The set consisted of a field (matter on which squares are drawn) and 4 shells (seeds or chopsticks). But the poor and simple passers-by were satisfied by the piece of land, on which the lord drew squares.

Astapada is an ancient game on a single-color chalkboard with 64 cells. She is associated with spider, which had 8 legs, because in the translation of the Astapada - 8 squares. The first mention of it appeared in the V century. e. In the northern part of India. The ancestor of modern chess has retained only a distinguished, but the rules and movements were lost. Until now, no scientist was able to solve this secret and provide the most believable version of the game.

If you compare the Indian prototype of the game with Chinese, you can see a significant simplicity of the first option. It has fewer figures, they are voluminous, and not flat as the Chinese or Koreans, and also have a smaller spectrum of moves. If the Chinese borrowed chess from Indians, they had to work great to complicate the rules of the game, modify the figures.

But there are several important inconsistencies: official relations between these countries are fixed only in 150 BC. er, and during archaeological excavations in India, nothing was found, while in China constantly find different prototypes of this fun. There is another incompression - the rules of the game or manuscripts about chess on Sanskrit does not exist, and there are many of them on Chinese.

Famous Chaturanga

This is the closest option that is similar to modern chess. It began to play everything in the same northern part of India, but somewhere in the VI century. Until this day, accurate rules of the game did not reach, although scientists presented several of their own options to the world. Main similarity:

  1. the board in the form of a square and size of 8 per 8 cells;
  2. figures appearance are similar to chess;
  3. total 32 figures (one half of the main, second - pawns);
  4. the king and horse go equally.

The difference between these games in the number of players: in the chaturant of them there were 4, and each had 4 figures (king, elephant, rook and horse). You need to play 2 at 2. To go began a man who thrust the playing bones. But the queen at the Chaturant was not at all.

I would like to consider this game with a chess prototype, but here there are a number of inconsistencies. The name of the "Chaturanga" name indicates at the same time at least 2 completely different games. According to Sanskrit, it is a quadrilateral game, and in the Vedic texts the word described 4 different types of troops. But there was a game Chaturanga for two. What an old version does not know anyone.

The problem is that several centuries ago many researchers missed the meaning of this word or simply did not want to drink until the very essence. Such confusion occurred due to the impossibility of confirming the accuracy of some sources, and also it is impossible to accurately determine the date of writing them. After the release of their work, the British and the French began to refer to these facts unclear to the end.

Thus appeared the hypothesis of the American anthropologist Stuart Culin on the evolution of chess games. He believed that historically the game developed for this principle:

  • racing for two (game in a circle or labyrinte);
  • racing for 4 players;
  • chess for 4 players;
  • chess for two.

Only in 1913, this version was completely destroyed by the Anglican Harold Murrey in his work "Story Chess". He proved that in Bhavishya Purana, which previous opponents considered the most ancient and true, chess mentioned, but he is not as ancient. In addition to this source, there is not a single one who would confirm or mentioned a chess game.

Therefore, the first reliable work, in which the Chaturanga, and ChantAndja can be considered the Treatise of 1030 "India or a book, containing an explanation of the exercises belonging to Indians acceptable by reason or rejected". She is the author al-Biruni, Khorezm scientist. He personally visited North India and noticed that 4 people play chess there at the same time, for which they have 2 sets of figures. From there it became known the name Queen - Shah. The concept of the mat did not exist, because the main task of the player was the complete destruction of the figures of his opponent.

Indians did not bake their future generation, so for a long time did not record the rules of the game, which now significantly complicates the work of researchers. But still, it is safe to say that in 1130 there is the first mention of the classic chess game in the encyclopedia "Manamollas". This entry was made by King Someshwar III, which was ruled at the time in India (Center and South of the country). Chess is already double-sided, the figures are placed on the rules familiar to modern person, and they go almost also. The only thing, there is no accurate location on the Queen board and the king.

Further movement of the game world

Supporting the theory about the appearance of chess in India, it is safe to say that Chaturanga came to Iran and Central Asia from this country. But they called it there - Country. This is a documentary confirmation in the ancient-perceid chronicle "Chartransg Namak", which is dated 750-850. BC e. In the middle of the VII century, Iran won the Arabs, who again renamed the chactop in the shuttles. It is under this name that the game has penetrated into Europe.

It was the Arabs that converted Chaturangu. Main changes:

  • 2 players;
  • 2 sets of figures;
  • bone failure;
  • prior to the progress;
  • 1 King turned into Queen and went diagonally;
  • victory is not the destruction of all the figures, but the setting of Mata (Pat).

Further movement of the game in the world gradually changed its name. The historical change of the name of the chess happened like this:

  • arabs - Shtranja;
  • persians - Stroke;
  • buryats - Shatters;
  • mongols - Hiashtar;
  • tajiks - Chess.

Chess penetration east

In China, this time has its own chess system, which is significantly different from international. Such a game is called - Syanzi. Instead of figurines, wooden discs are used there, but it is unrealistic to play in them without knowledge of hieroglyphs. Even after the translation of the pictures, the experts noted the inconsistency of the rules, because the magic of the game is lost, which attracts all the lovers of intellectual tasks.

The game came to Korea, about which there is a documentary confirmation dated by the XVI century. The rules of the game are similar to modern, but there is similarity with Chinese Syanzi, but there are few historical recordings. Board 9 for 10 cells, and in the center there is a palace, but only verticals are drawn. Figures are not bulky, but flat with hieroglyphs. Chang has its own peculiarity, which distinguishes it from other options for chess games - 16 ways to decompose figures at the beginning of the match.

Main changes:

  • you can now go for a shorter distance;
  • lack of casting;
  • figures are located in points;
  • separate figures are endowed with a limited spectrum of movement;
  • lack of take part of the passage;
  • horse and elephant are not jumping through the fields engaged in figures;
  • added figure - gun.

Now Changa in the opinion of experts is a transitional stage from Chinese Syanzi to. It still remains not clear how the figures could become volumetric, and the boards acquire cells. This mystery has not yet solved no one.

Thai and Cambodian version

These varieties are almost identical, but still there are external differences between them. Thai type - Makruk, in Cambodia the game is called oak-chactov (it is ancient). The first documentary records about this game can be found in the XVII century, when the game described the Ambassador of France La Luber.

The board in the game Makru is familiar - 8 to 8, one-color. There are no characteristic Indian intersections of aspads. There are already 2 players, not 4. The main difference between the game is the use of seashells instead of the shapes, although the shapes are here, but they are similar.

Syogi occurred from Syanzi's game and, perhaps, they have related ties with Makroch, since there are similar features. This game is somewhat simpler than previous and more reminiscent of modern chess:

  • 21 cell board 9;
  • location of figures on the fields;
  • the transformation of the horizontal achievement;
  • the prisoners of the enemy can be put in any place the board as their figure;
  • single-color figures;
  • the initial placement and moves resemble Macruk.

Collecting together all 3 games: McGee, Xianzi and Sögi, you can restore the options for ancient chess. They appeared thanks to the exchange between countries, since at that time Japan, the Malay Islands and India were connected by the seabed.

Malaysia and Burma

Any option could become a source of modern chess ancient game In Burma or Malaysia. In the first it is called Sittuyin (war 4), and in the second - Main Chator. In Burma, it is customary to play with red and black figures, which externally resemble the pre-Islamic warriors.

So, the main features of the Burmese chess:

  1. The board of one color with cells 8 to 8, but with two diagonals of SIT-KE-MIIN or the general line.
  2. The location of the pawns by 3-4 horizontals.
  3. The first arrange the red figures, and only after that black.
  4. All other figures have any place behind the pawns, except the rook (cost only on the first two horizontals).
  5. Black rook can not stand opposite the Red Queen.
  6. Red figures go after the black shapes are placed.

The goal of the game is to put the mat, but the path was not allowed, there is no straight shaha there.

Malaysian chess mostly carry the names of the figures taken from Sanskrit, except for the name of the pawn (gone from the Arab Baydak). They had one interesting featureAfter all, local kings tribes played right on the ground near their homes with huge stone blocks. Duration sometimes reached a whole year.

Characteristics of the game:

  1. Board without two colors, 8 per 8 cells.
  2. Some have diagonal markups.
  3. Figures are located in cells.
  4. Figures or abstract bamboo, or curved threads on Indian tradition.
  5. Mirror initial layout of figures.
  6. A special rule of turning the pawns into the figure.
  7. There is a rule of taking a pawn on the aisle, which was not at any previous game.

Chess in Russia

The game came to us in 820. It was the version of the Arab chancend called Chess. For prowring them, they became familiar to all the word - chess. It turns out that the movement path begins in Persia, after which they penetrated the Caucasus and Khazar kaganat, and from there already to us. If you consider the names of the figures, you can see the stripping similarity with Arabic and Persian names. So, the name of the elephant and the horse is Arabic, and the queen comes from the Persian word Farzin.

But international European terminology and the variation of the game was brought from Poland, in which Chess penetrated through Italy. Therefore, the start of chess on Russia dates back to the X-XI century. In parallel, Iga leaked to Europe, where he acquired a view of modern chess. But still many years in each town and village were their features, rules and techniques.

Church against the game

Previously, the church played a huge role in the life of every person, so they often dictated the rules for holding and even games. So, the priests condemned drunkenness, ramped and gambling. At that time, chess did not have strict rules, so it was hard to prove that they were a logical game. But there were still playing bones in it, which depended on the course of the tournament.

Therefore, in 1061, they were prohibited among the clergy, and the chess themselves were considered something obscene and devilish. But if you look at the most avid chess players, you can see a lot of Catholics. In Russia, the ban was strict, because disobedience threatened by the excavation from the church of any caught chess player. This was recorded in the Novgorod feed book in 1280.

But despite such strict prohibitions, the game continued to leak into different layers of the population. Among the clergy, there was also a lot of apostates who were heavily played. And only after a hundred years of chess were allowed. In Europe, this happened in 1392.

Special view of "crazy" chess

So you can only talk about the Swedish variety of the game, which is literally translated - "crazy house." Externally, it looks like that if you do not know his rules thoroughly. The pace of such chess is fast, and during the randomy players have full right to talk among themselves.

To play Swedish you need to take 2 boards. You need to play in pairs, and 1 person will be painted with white figures, and the second is black. There is one feature: if the figure was taken, it is transmitted to the partner's board, which can calmly put it on any cell when he wants. The partners are allowed to prompt each other, ask to transfer a certain figure.

This game is interesting to its rapid pace and the presence of a partner who can always help. As a result, the players of Swedet have more developed logical thinking, because they think the scheme and for themselves, and for their partner, they have excellent combination vision. But the computer beat is much easier than in classic chess.

Long path Chess

A full-fed the theory of playing chess began to develop only in the XV-XVI century, when the rules were established and all countries played more or less equally. At that time, 3 main part of the party were allocated:

  • debut (separate part - Gambit);
  • mittelspil;
  • endgame.

This is described in detail in the textbook of Chess Rui Lopez in 1561. Until the XVIII century, the Italian masters considered a massive attack on the king by all means and the use of pawns as an auxiliary material. best style This logical game. But Fildor has significantly changed this thought. He pointed to the recklessness of such attacks, because it is possible to gradually build a strong position without loss, using exchanges and simplifications.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe game should be reduced to the right pawns, as they are excellent protection and ways to conduct an attack. Fildine came up with a special female chain, which moved on a certain tactic. He even had a special honest center. These developments became the basis for the next century.

Chess as sport

A little later, people began to unite into chess clubs, where they played money. Chess popularity has increased so much that in 1575 the first international chess tournament was held. He was held at the courtyard of King Philip II in Madrid. True, only 4 people (2 Italians and the Spaniard) took part in the game.

After this significant event, national tournaments carried out in almost all European countries, and in 1836 the world saw the first magazine about chess - "Polimed". His publisher was a Frenchman Louis Charles Labundon. In 1821, international matches and tournaments began constantly. At the same time, the world found out the name of the strongest chess player - Adolf Andersen. Later he was ahead of American, after which Andersen returned the title again.

In modern form, the tournament was carried out much later. In the 19th century, chess clock appeared, which invented Englishman Thomas Bright Wilson. This gave impetus to the development of new shortened parties called - "Fast" (30 minutes) and "Blitturnir" with a duration of 5-10 minutes.

This game was so liked by people around the world, which a lot of artistic works were written about her. Chess board inspired the motive not for one picture.