Large physical map. Physical map. Physical map of Europe
The whole world can fit on one sheet of the map, with all the oceans, continents, mountains and plains, countries, cities, minerals, animals and birds. You just need to be able to read the map correctly. In this lesson, we will learn what maps were in antiquity, and what types of maps are now, what are the advantages of a map over a globe, what is the scale, the legend of the map. We will learn to use the scale of depths and heights, determine the coordinates of terrestrial objects.
Topic: The planet we live on
People started drawing maps even before they thought about whether the earth was round or flat. Scientists have discovered in Kamchatka a drawing on a bone depicting a path to a place rich in booty. This is probably one of the oldest maps. Maps were drawn on pieces of bark, carved on wooden planks, which were convenient to take on the road. Some peoples scratched maps with a sharp object on damp clay tiles, which, after drying, became durable, with a clear image.
This world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is located, more than 3 thousand years.
Rice. 1. World map of Ancient Babylon ()
Rock carvings of the area were also found in caves where people lived thousands of years ago.
Rice. 2. Rock painting of the area ()
With the invention of paper, cards began to be drawn on it. All information obtained by scientists and travelers during their wanderings in different lands was applied to the maps.
Rice. 3. Ancient Map world on paper ()
The production of the map was a lengthy process, as all the details were drawn by hand, so the maps were very expensive.
For a long period of time, only four were present on the maps: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. Many years passed before sailors discovered Australia and Antarctica.
When you look for a country on the globe, you see only one hemisphere. And to see something else, the globe must be rotated.
It is impossible to indicate a large number on the globe geographic sites without increasing its size. A large globe is inconvenient for travel use.
Scale is the ratio of the length of the lines on a map or drawing to the actual length. The scale of the physical map of Russia tells us that each centimeter of the map corresponds to 200 km on the ground.
Rice. 7. Physical map Russia ()
On the map, you can show two halves of the Earth at once. If you divide Earth along the equator, it will turn out map of the northern and southern hemispheres,
Rice. 5. Northern and Southern Hemispheres
and if along the line of the prime meridian - Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
Rice. 6. Western and Eastern Hemispheres
On minerals map Places of mineral deposits are marked with special icons.
Rice. 9. Mineral resources map ()
On animal habitat maps habitats indicated different types birds and animals.
Rice. 10. Map of habitats of birds and animals ()
On contour maps no color coding and depicted, but not signed, all kinds of geographic objects. They are convenient for planning routes.
Rice. 11. Contour map
On political map the world shows countries and their borders.
Rice. 12. Political Map Eurasia ()
On synoptic charts Observations of the weather are shown with conventional icons.
Rice. 13. Synoptic map ()
Different cards combine in atlases.
Rice. 14. Geographic Atlas ()
Maps depict different territories. There are maps of districts, cities, regions, states, continents, oceans, hemisphere maps and world maps.
Symbols on the map are the same as on the globe. They're called legend and are usually placed at the bottom of the card.
Let's find the West Siberian Plain on the physical map of Russia.
Rice. 16. West Siberian Plain ()
Small horizontal lines covering a large part of its territory mean swamps.
Here are some of the most big world swamps - Vasyugan. Lines represent rivers, borders and roads, circles represent cities.
Rice. 17. Vasyugan swamps
The seas and mountains have real outlines and are painted in different colors. Blue and light blue - reservoirs, yellow - hills, green - lowlands, brown - mountains.
At the bottom of the map, a scale of depths and heights is placed, with the help of which you can see what height or depth means a particular shade of color on the map.
The deeper the ocean, the darker the color. On the map of the Arctic Ocean, the darkest shade of blue in the Greenland Sea, where the depth reaches 5 thousand 527 meters; the lightest shade of pale blue, where the sea is 200 meters deep.
Rice. 18. Physical map of the Arctic Ocean
The higher the mountains, the darker the color with which they are designated. Thus, the Ural Mountains, which are considered relatively low (the highest peaks are from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level), are colored light brown on the map.
Rice. 19. Ural mountains
Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world (10 peaks with a height of more than 8 km) are marked in dark brown.
Rice. 20. Himalayan mountains
In the Himalayas, Chomolungma (Everest) is located - the highest peak in the world (8848 m).
Using the scale of heights, it is easy to determine the height of the Caucasus Mountains.
Rice. 23. Caucasus Mountains
Their brown color indicates that the height of the mountains is over 5 thousand meters. The most famous peaks - Mount Elbrus (5642 m) and Mount Kazbek (5033 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.
Using a map, you can determine the exact location of an object. To do this, you need to know him coordinates: latitude and longitude, which are determined by the degree grid formed by the parallels and meridians.
Rice. 26. Degree grid
The equator serves as the origin - on it the latitude is 0⁰. Latitude is measured from 0⁰ to 90⁰ on either side of the equator and is called north or south. For example, latitude 60⁰ north means that this point lies in the Northern Hemisphere and is at 60⁰ to the equator.
Rice. 27. Geographic latitude
Longitude is measured from 0⁰ to 180⁰ on both sides of the Greenwich meridian and is called west or east.
Rice. 28. Geographic longitude
Coordinates Saint Petersburg - 60⁰ N, 30⁰ E
The coordinates of Moscow are 55⁰ N, 37⁰ E.
Rice. 29. Political map of Russia ()
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. M .: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. M .: ID "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. The surrounding world 3. M .: Enlightenment.
- Academician ().
- Survival ().
- Find the Pacific Ocean on the physical map of the world. Determine its deepest place, indicate its name and depth. Describe how you defined this location.
- Make a short quiz (4 questions with 3 possible answers) on the topic "Maps".
- Prepare a memo with the rules for working with cards.
Cities - reduced thousands and even millions of times and shown conventional signs... Many of them are signed. Us-lovny signs and inscriptions on maps are varied. Be able to understand conventional signs, in what is shown on the map - it means to be able to read the map.
Continents and oceans
On the physical map of the world, large parts of the land are shown in green, yellow and brown - mainland and small islands. They are surrounded on all sides by water of the seas and oceans, painted in blue and blue. Seas and oceans are interconnected and form united world ocean... The continents divide the World Ocean into separate oceans: Quiet,Atlantic,Indian and Arctic.Seas- these are parts of the oceans protruding into the land. There are six continents on Earth: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica and Australia. The biggest mother - Eurasia... It consists of two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. This happened because in ancient times people thought that these were completely different lands, divided Mediterranean Sea... They learned much later that Europe and Asia constitute a huge single land mass.
Let's compare the map of Ptolemy and the modern physical map of the world. Ptolemy's map, created about 1800 years ago, shows the entire surface of the Earth, known in ancient times. "Antique" in translation from Greek means ancient. Since ancient times, on all maps, north is at the top of the map, south is at the bottom, east is on the right, and west is on the left. On the map of Ptolemy, we see only the Mediterranean Sea and the lands that surround it - the south of Europe, the west of Asia and the north of Africa, which in ancient times was called Libya. Europe, Asia, Africa are parts of the Old World. The rest of the continents, the oceans and seas separating them, were still to be discovered by people. And also open and map the correct borders of Europe, Asia and Africa, which we see on the modern map.
Relief of the earth
The depths of the seas and oceans are not the same. If it is small, less than 200 m, then on the map we see a pale blue color. The deeper the depth, the darker the blue tint. Red arrows in the oceans show warm currents, and blue ones - cold currents. Water in currents moves like a river stream and is either warmer or colder than the surrounding calm water. C-nim meandering lines on land show rivers, spots -
Here you can look at a physical map of Russia in Super Ultra HD quality and a huge resolution of 10350 by 5850 pixels (over 60 megapixels) - this is the largest map resolution that can be found on the Internet.
(the map can be enlarged in a new window for detailed consideration)
Attention, the attraction of unheard-of generosity is open! This map is free to download and print.
I know that many users are looking on the Internet for a physical map of Russia in full screen, maps of Russia in good quality close-up, cards in high definition etc. Here everyone will find what they expect to see and more.
The resolution of the card is huge, the quality is high. That is why the map is very, very, very detailed. Map scale: 1: 8,000,000 (1 cm - 80 km on the ground). All inscriptions on the map are in Russian.
If you look closely, then on this map of the Russian Federation you can also see Ukraine, part of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and other parts of the Eurasian continent.
This general geographic map conveys the external appearance of the territory and water area. The physical map shows in detail the relief and hydrography, as well as sands, glaciers, floating ice, reserves, mineral deposits. Thanks to high resolution on the map you can see cities, towns, villages and others settlements, routes of communication, borders, etc.
Hope the large Ultra HD maps and HD pictures will bring more benefits to travelers and ordinary people.
Something about resolving this map
Many people know what 4K and Ultra HD are. This physical map Russian Federation has 2.5 times the horizontal pixel resolution of 4K. The illustration below shows the comparative sizes of all HD formats (HD, full HD, 2K, 4K) and this physical map of Russia.
Even more beautiful photos - on my Instagram photographer
You can see even more different photos on my instagram -.
Subscribe, friends. There will be many interesting things.
Links to photo galleries of cities and reserves
For those who like to view photographs rather than maps, this site collects photographs of nature reserves, cities and their attractions. Many of the photos in the galleries below are shown in HD quality.
Classification
Views:
Physical
· Political
Climatic
Natural area maps
Large-scale
Medium-scale
Small-scale
World maps
Continental maps
· Maps of countries and regions
General geographic
· Thematic.
Classification by purpose:
Scientific reference
Educational
Tourist
Cultural and educational
Content classification:
General geographic
· Thematic
The atmosphere, its structure, composition, meaning. Heating the atmosphere. Water in the atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure, its measurement. Wind, speed, strength, direction. General circulation of the atmosphere. Protection of the atmosphere.
Atmosphere- the gaseous envelope of a celestial body, held around it by gravity. Since there is no sharp boundary between the atmosphere and interplanetary space, the atmosphere is usually considered to be the region around a celestial body, in which the gaseous medium rotates with it as a whole.
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, consisting of nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), argon (0.93%), a small amount of helium, neon, xenon, krypton (0.01%), ozone and other gases, but their content is negligible (Table 1). The modern composition of the Earth's air was established more than a hundred million years ago, but the dramatically increased production activity of man still led to its change. Currently, there is an increase in CO2 content by about 10-12%.
Protection of the atmosphere.
Thorough cleaning of waste gases in existing plants. In cities where transport is accumulating, the area of green spaces is being expanded. Trees are not only powerful producers of oxygen, but also significantly reduce the dustiness of the air. 1 hectare of forest absorbs 2 kg of carbon dioxide within one hour. In forests, dust is 8-10 times less than in treeless areas. Tunnels for cars and underpasses for pedestrians. Legislative consolidation of legal measures that provide, in case of violation, administrative, disciplinary, criminal and material measures of responsibility.
Observing the clouds.
Cloudiness and cloud shape change are closely related to weather changes. Cloud types indicate that the weather will change for the worse
Observing the color of the sky.
The color of the sky is also important for predicting the weather.
The golden color of the sky at sunset and the absence of clouds in the west are a sign that the weather will be good tomorrow.
A pale sunset, even with the apparent absence of clouds in the west, is a sign that the weather will change for the worse, since this color of the sky indicates that there is an accumulation of cirrus clouds beyond the horizon, invisible to the eye.
A scarlet sunset foreshadows windy weather.
If the sun hides behind the clouds at sunset, this portends bad weather.
Observing the wind.
The wind can bring an abrupt change in the weather. If the wind direction changes during the day and follows the sun, this is a sign of good weather.
Frequent changes in wind speed and direction indicate the proximity of a cyclone, the arrival of which is accompanied by a sharp drop in pressure and heavy rains.
If the wind picks up after a long rain, you can expect the rain to stop.
If the wind changes its direction abruptly in good weather, the weather will worsen.
Monitoring humidity.
Air humidity varies greatly during the day. It depends on the air temperature, since cold air can contain less water vapor than warm air. For each temperature there is a saturation limit, that is, a state when water condenses into water droplets and falls out in the form of dew and frost. If the air cools even further, fog will appear, then clouds will form and precipitation will fall.
Thus, lowering the temperature is a necessary condition for the formation of precipitation. Also, for the formation of water droplets in the air, condensation nuclei, the smallest grains of dust or ice crystals, are needed. In very clean air, droplets do not form.
The boundaries of the biosphere
· Upper limit in the atmosphere: 15-20 km. It is determined by the ozone layer, which traps short-wave ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to living organisms.
· Lower boundary in the lithosphere: 3.5-7.5 km. It is determined by the temperature of transition of water into steam and the temperature of denaturation of proteins, however, in general, the spread of living organisms is limited to a depth of several meters.
· Boundary between the atmosphere and the lithosphere in the hydrosphere: 10-11 km. Determined by the bottom of the World Ocean, including bottom sediments.
Biosphere structure:
· Living matter - the entire set of bodies of living organisms inhabiting the Earth, physico-chemically one, regardless of their systematic affiliation. Biogenic substance - a substance created and processed by a living organism.
· Inert substance - products formed without the participation of living organisms.
· Bioinert substance - a substance that is created simultaneously by living organisms and inert processes, representing the dynamically equilibrium systems of both. Such are the soil, silt, weathering crust, etc. Organisms play a leading role in them.
· Substance in radioactive decay.
· Scattered atoms, continuously created from all kinds of terrestrial matter under the influence of cosmic radiation.
· Substance of cosmic origin.
Biogeocenosis- a system that includes a community of living organisms and a set of abiotic environmental factors closely related to it within the same territory, interconnected by the circulation of substances and the flow of energy (natural ecosystem). It is a stable self-regulating ecological system in which organic components (animals, plants) are inextricably linked with inorganic (water, soil). Examples: pine forest, mountain valley. The doctrine of biogeocenosis was developed by Vladimir Sukachev in 1942.
In 1924, the Russian biochemist Alexander Ivanovich Oparin, and later, in 1929, J. Haldane expressed hypothesis about the origin of life as a result of a long evolution of carbon compounds, which formed the basis of modern ideas. Oparin proceeded from the fact that the emergence of living beings from inanimate nature impossible in modern conditions. The abiogenic emergence of living matter, perhaps, was only in the conditions of the ancient atmosphere.
According to one hypothesis, life began in a piece of ice. While many scientists believe that the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere was responsible for maintaining the greenhouse conditions, others believe that winter prevailed on Earth. At low temperatures, all chemical compounds are more stable and therefore can accumulate in greater quantities than at high temperatures. Meteorite debris carried from space, emissions from hydrothermal vents and chemical reactions occurring during electrical discharges in the atmosphere were sources of ammonia and organic compounds such as formaldehyde and cyanide. Getting into the water of the World Ocean, they froze along with it. In the ice mass, the molecules of organic substances closely approached and entered into interactions, which led to the formation of glycine and other amino acids. The ocean was covered with ice, which protected the newly formed compounds from destruction by ultraviolet radiation. This icy world could melt
Charles Darwin and his contemporaries believed that life could arise in a reservoir. Many scientists still adhere to this point of view. In a closed and relatively small reservoir, organic substances brought by the waters flowing into it could accumulate in the required quantities. Then these compounds were even more concentrated on the inner surfaces of layered minerals, which could be catalysts for reactions.
Excursion
During the excursion, a person has the opportunity to get acquainted with natural objects, touch the history of the region. The popularity and effectiveness of the excursion form is due to the direct acquaintance with the original objects.
Lecture
Provides the acquisition or dissemination of knowledge about the region during lectures or a cycle of lectures. Lectures are held on a specific topic.
Archive
Archival documents, old periodicals contain a lot interesting information, often unique data. This form is designed for people keen on history, requires great perseverance, diligence.
Museum
Acquaintance with the region in this case is based on materials from the expositions of local history and other museums. This form also involves the collection of materials and the creation of expositions of local history museums.
Directions: historical (studies the past of the region, historical monuments), art history (instills a careful, respectful attitude to monuments of art, introduces to the cultural and artistic population; literary works, etc.), natural history (helps to see and appreciate the beauty of nature, forms the skills of ecological culture), economic (the main objects of economic local history are: the economy of the region as a whole, individual industries, enterprises; the population of the region; settlements.
Sakhalin Region- the only island region in Russia - includes the island of Sakhalin with the islands of Moneron and Tyuleniy located nearby and two ridges of the Kuril Islands.
Sakhalin Oblast is located in the seventh time zone (maternity time), its northern point is on Sakhalin Island on Cape Elizabeth, southern on Anuchin Island, which is part of the Malaya Kuril Ridge, western - on Sakhalin Cape Lakh and eastern - Cape Yugich on the eastern outskirts of Shumshu Island. Along the Straits of La Perouse, Kunashirsky, Treason and Sovetsky passes state border between Russia and Japan.
Square Sakhalin region is equal to 87.1 thousand sq. km, of which about 78 thousand square meters. km is occupied by Sakhalin. By its size, the territory of the region is slightly larger than Austria and three times larger than the area of Belgium.
Sakhalin is one of the largest islands in Russia. Its length reaches 948 km, the maximum width is 160 km, and the minimum is 26 km. Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the Nevelskoy Strait, the width of which in its narrowest part is 7.5 km. From the west and south-west, the island is washed by the waters of the warm Sea of Japan, from the north and east - by the cold Sea of Okhotsk.
The group of Kuril Islands extends from the southwest to the northeast (from Hokkaido to the Kamchatka Peninsula), which includes two ridges - Bolshaya and Malaya, separated by the South Kuril Strait.
The Great Kuril Ridge, almost 1200 km long, has about 30 islands, of which the largest are Kunashir, Iturup and Paramushir.
The Lesser Kuril Ridge, 105 km long, stretches parallel to the Greater Kuril Ridge. The ridge includes six islands, the largest of which is Shikotan.
On the side of the Pacific Ocean along the Kuril Islands is the deep-water Kuril-Kamchatka trench.
Geological structure and minerals. Within Sakhalin, large uplifts are distinguished, separated by troughs, intermontane depressions and depressions.
S.o. possesses significant and varied mineral resources: oil and gas, coal and brown coal, ferrous, nonferrous, rare and noble metals, mining, chemical and agrochemical raw materials, raw materials for the cement industry and other minerals, as well as biological resources of land and surrounding seas ...
The hydrocarbon resources of Sakhalin and the adjacent shelf, where the bulk of the balance and probable oil and gas reserves are located, are of the greatest value. A total of 112 deposits have been explored, of which 17 are on the shelf. There is St. 20 promising oil and gas fields, about 30 fields are being developed. The main prospects for oil and gas production are associated with the Sakhalin shelf. The explored reserves of oil and gas on the shelf exceed the reserves on land dozens of times and amount to St. 1 billion tons of oil and 3.6 trillion m3 of gas.
About 8% of Sakhalin's area is occupied by coal-bearing deposits. It is known to St. 60 coal deposits and promising coal-bearing areas. High-quality coal reserves in them are estimated at 20 billion tons (of which brown coal - 40%, bituminous coal - 60%), including coking coal - 1.9 billion tons. About 8% of the total coal reserves are suitable for opencast mining. Especially large are the predicted coal resources in the Solntsevskoye deposit (2.4 billion tons), in most cases, open-pit mining is possible.
There are 200 known peat deposits in the region with total reserves of St. 1.1 billion tons. numerous manifestations of ferrous, noble and non-ferrous metals have been established. Reserves of gold have been identified.
On the Kuril Islands, manifestations of polymetallic ores with impurities of rare metals are known. There are about 50 occurrences of native sulfur with its content in ores up to 50-60%. The reserves amount to 117.7 million tons. The main volumes are concentrated on about. Iturup, where the "Novoe" field prepared for development with reserves of 5.1 million tons is located.
On the Schmidt Peninsula, reserves of phosphate-bearing rocks have been identified. Territory of S.O. rich building materials, a number of deposits and manifestations of gem-making stones of high artistic value are known.
On the territory of S.O. revealed various types of mineral waters. St. 25 groups of mineral springs. The mineral and thermal waters of the Kuril Islands are promising. Their reserves are sufficient to fully provide the islands with electric and thermal energy.
Relief the islands are composed of medium-high mountains, low mountains and low-lying plains. The southern and central parts of the island are characterized by mountainous relief and consist of two meridionally oriented mountain systems - the West Sakhalin (up to 1327 m high - Mount Onor) and the East Sakhalin mountains (up to 1609 m high - the city of Lopatin), separated by the longitudinal Tym- Poronaiskaya lowland. The north of the island (with the exception of the Schmidt Peninsula) is a gentle, hilly plain. The shores of the island are weakly indented; large bays - Aniva and Terpeniya (wide open to the south) are located in the southern and middle parts of the island, respectively. The coastline has two large bays and four peninsulas.
Orienteering on the ground
1. On nearby local subjects (relief). To do this, it is necessary to orient the map and identify on it and, accordingly, on the terrain 1-2 local objects, to determine visually their location on the terrain in relation to these objects and also to outline their point of position on the map visually.
2. Measuring distances. Moving along the road (along a clearing in the forest or other line on the terrain) indicated on the map, measure in pairs of steps (according to the speedometer of the car) the distance traveled from the nearest landmark. To determine your point of standing, it is enough just to postpone the measured (traveled) distance on a scale on the map in the desired direction.
3. Serifs. When driving on a road (along a clearing, along a telegraph line), you can determine your location by local objects located on the sides of the road. To do this, orient the map in the direction of the road and identify any landmark on it and on the ground.
Orientation without a map
It consists in determining the sides of the horizon (directions to the north, east, south, west) and its location on the terrain relative to the designated (selected) landmarks and is usually used in a limited area.
Orienteering on the ground
When determining the sides of the horizon by compass it is placed in a horizontal position, the arrow brake is released. After the oscillation stops, its luminous end will indicate the direction to the north.
To determine the sides of the horizon by the sun and watch it is necessary to face the sun. Place the clock showing local time so that the hour hand points to the Sun. The line dividing the angle between the hour hand and the direction by the number "1" in winter time or by "2" in summer time (only for the CIS territory) in half will show the direction to the south
They are guided by the moon and the clock when the starry sky is poorly visible. On a full moon, the sides of the horizon can be determined from the moon with the help of a clock, as well as from the sun.
Population types
Populations can occupy areas of different sizes, and the habitat conditions within the habitat of one population can also be different. On this basis, three types of populations are distinguished: elementary, ecological, and geographical. An elementary (local) population is a collection of individuals of the same species occupying a small area of a homogeneous area. There is a constant exchange of genetic information between them. Ecological population - a set of elementary populations, intraspecific groups associated with specific biocenoses. Plants of the same species in a cenosis are called a cenopopulation. The exchange of genetic information between them occurs quite often. Geographic population - a set of ecological populations that populated geographically similar areas. Geographic populations exist autonomously, their ranges are relatively isolated, gene exchange occurs rarely - in animals and birds - during migrations, in plants - during the spread of pollen, seeds and fruits. At this level, the formation of geographical races, varieties takes place, subspecies are distinguished.
Population indicators
As group associations of individuals, populations have a number of specific indicators that are not inherent in each individual individual. At the same time, two groups of quantitative indicators are distinguished - static and dynamic.
Population status on this moment time characterize static indicators. These include the following.
Number- the total number of individuals in the allocated area or in a given volume. This indicator of the population is never constant, it depends on the ratio of the intensity of reproduction (fertility) and mortality.
Density populations - the average number of individuals (or biomass) per unit area or volume of space occupied by a population. Population density is also variable, it depends on the size
Dynamic population indicators include fertility, mortality, growth and population growth rate.
Fertility(fertility) - the number of new individuals that appeared per unit of time as a result of reproduction. Living organisms have a tremendous ability to reproduce. It is characterized by the so-called biotic potential, which is the rate at which, with continuous reproduction (possible only theoretically under ideal ecological conditions of existence), individuals of a certain species can cover the globe with a uniform layer.
Mortality population - the number of individuals killed in a population in a certain period of time. Like fertility, mortality varies with environmental conditions, age and population status; mortality is expressed as a percentage of the initial or, more often, of its average value.
Growth populations - the difference between fertility and mortality; the gain can be positive, zero or negative.
Growth rate population - its average growth per unit of time.
Types of relationships.
Competition- struggle for the same conditions the environment between different species or within one species (plants compete with each other in the struggle for light, moisture, etc.; birds of prey of forests and predatory animals compete for food - mouse-like rodents, etc.)
Predation- one organism (predator) hunts and eats another (prey). If organisms of the same species - cannibalism (from invertebrates: dragonflies and spiders eat flies, butterflies and mosquitoes; from vertebrates: wolves and foxes eat hares and mouse-like rodents).
Commensalism or parasitism - one of the organisms benefits from the relationship, for the other, the relationship is neutral (adherent fish and sharks, which give the adherent fish protection and food; a large number of insect species live in the nests of birds and rodent burrows, which find refuge and food in their holes).
Amensalism- the activity of one species leads to the oppression of others (spruce growing in a mixed forest shade birch and other deciduous species, and the life of spruce trees practically does not depend on deciduous trees; the penicillus fungus secretes an antibiotic that suppresses the development of bacteria).
Neutralism - different types organisms have different ecological niches and do not enter into relationships with each other (different species of antelope in the savannas of Africa eat plants of different tiers; the giraffe antelope feeds on the leaves of trees, the wildebeest - on the leaves of shrubs and tall grasses, the Kudu antelope feeds on low grasses).
24. Biogeocenosis, concept, general characteristics.
Biogeocenosis- a system that includes a community of living organisms and a set of abiotic environmental factors closely related to it within the same territory.
Biogeocenosis components.
Biocenosis. The biological part of the biogeocenosis is represented by microorganisms, plants and animals and is called a biocenosis. The biocenosis consists of plants (phytocenosis), animals (zoocenosis) and microorganisms (microbiocenosis).
Populations of different species living in one common area constitute an ecological community. Living organisms, being under the influence of other organisms and inanimate nature, in turn, influence them.
Ecotope. The abiotic part of a biogeocenosis is a part of a land or water basin with certain climatic conditions. It is called an ecotope. Ecotopes are represented by atmospheric (climatotope) and soil (edaphotop) factors.
Classification
Views:
Physical
· Political
Climatic
Natural area maps
Classification of maps by scale:
Large-scale
Medium-scale
Small-scale
Classification of maps by spatial coverage:
World maps
Continental maps
· Maps of countries and regions
Classification of maps by content:
General geographic
· Thematic.
Classification by purpose:
Scientific reference
Educational
Tourist
Cultural and educational
Content classification:
General geographic
· Thematic
Physical map of the world. general characteristics
The study of geography is impossible without a map containing the most objective, accurate and concise information about the territory, the location of natural, economic or social objects and phenomena.
On this map, more complete than on other Atlas maps, the presented geographical objects (islands, peninsulas, bays, straits, seas, etc.). The physical map gives an idea of the largest landforms and the seabed. It presents orographic names (names of landforms): mountains, plains, individual peaks with their absolute height above sea level, as well as the names of landforms of the ocean floor - troughs, ridges, hollows, etc.
The hydrographic basis of the map is represented by fresh and salt lakes, waterfalls on rivers, which makes it possible to draw conclusions about the economic use of land waters. Thanks to the currents shown, conclusions can be drawn about the differences in climate within climatic zones. Also shown are deserts, wetlands, the distribution of salt marshes, sands, active volcanoes and the names of geographical areas are signed (Llanos, selvas, etc.).
Comparison of this map with the political one will help to make generalizations about the prevailing landscapes (plain or mountainous) in a particular country, and comparison with the map of Population distribution will answer the question of why some territories are densely populated, while others are not inhabited.
Comparing this map with the Mineral Resources map, it is possible to trace the relationship of landforms with the distribution of minerals of various origins (sedimentary, magmatic, etc.).
This map is useful in compiling the characteristics of natural resources, as well as in a regional overview in assessing the natural resource potential of a country.
They are different in geographic location, size and shape, which affects the peculiarities of their nature.
Geographical location and size of the continents
The continents are unevenly located on the surface of the Earth. In the Northern Hemisphere, they occupy 39% of the surface, and in the Southern - only 19%. For this reason, the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is called continental, and the Southern Hemisphere is called oceanic.
According to the position relative to the equator, the continents are divided into a group of southern and a group of northern continents.
Since the continents are located at different latitudes, they receive unequal amounts of light and heat coming from the Sun. In the formation of the nature of the continent, its area plays an important role: the larger the continent, the more territories it has that are remote from the oceans and do not experience their impact. The relative position of the continents is of great geographical importance.
Geographic location and size of the oceans
The dividing continents differ from each other in size, properties of waters, systems of currents, and features of the organic world.
And they have similar geographical position: they stretch from the Arctic Circle to. almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. The special geographical position of y - it is located around the North Pole within the Arctic Circle, covered sea ice and set apart from other oceans.
The border of the continents with the oceans runs along the coastline. It can be straight or indented, that is, it has many protrusions. Rugged coastlines have many seas and bays. Plunging deep into the land, they have a significant impact on the nature of the continents.
Interaction of continents and oceans
Land and water have different properties, while they are constantly in close interaction. The oceans strongly influence the natural processes on the continents, but the continents also take part in the formation of the peculiarities of the nature of the oceans.